Biotechnology ppt 1

What is biotechnology?

Biotechnology refers to the artificial tools and techniques used on organisms or the products of organisms to make a product or solve a problem for human benefit.

What are restriction enzymes?

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences to protect bacteria from foreign DNA.

What are sticky ends?

Sticky ends are DNA fragments that have overhanging nucleotide bases at each end, allowing them to easily join with other fragments that have complementary sticky ends.

What is the role of ligase in DNA biotechnology?

Ligase is an enzyme that seals and reassembles DNA fragments by forming covalent bonds, closing up the sugar-phosphate backbone.

What is PCR and its purpose?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a method used to amplify small amounts of DNA into many copies for further laboratory use.

What does annealing refer to in DNA techniques?

Annealing is the process of joining two pieces of DNA by complementary base pairing.

What is gel electrophoresis?

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size and charge, making them visible for analysis.

How does DNA profiling work?

DNA profiling identifies unique genetic makeup by comparing DNA samples and visualizing the results through gel electrophoresis to produce unique banding patterns.

What are short tandem repeats (STR)?

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are repeating sequences of DNA used as genetic markers for DNA profiling.

Why are genetic markers important in DNA sequencing?

Genetic markers are associated with specific traits and used on a genome map to determine the positions of genes on chromosomes.

What are transgenic organisms?

Transgenic organisms are organisms that have foreign DNA from a different species transferred into their genome and expressed.

What technique allows for the introduction of foreign DNA into a host organism?

Transformation is the technique used to deliver a target gene to a host organism using bacterial vectors.

What challenges does blunt end insertion face in DNA manipulation?

Blunt end insertion has a lower success rate in ligation and tends to be nonspecific, as there are no sticky ends to facilitate precise matching.

How can biotechnological methods help combat diseases like dengue and chikungunya?

Genetically modified organisms, such as mosquitoes, can be used to control the populations of disease-carrying insects, reducing disease transmission.