Theories on Personal Development

CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• adapt and respond

• maladaptive behavior

• way of thinking

  • overthinking

  • positive

• balance is the key

Definition of Personality

• DSM - “enduring patterns”

• Black & Andreassen - “ingrained”

Types of Personality:

1. Perfectionist - planado

2. Rule breaker - x rules

3. Confident vs. Shy

Personality Development Factors:

1. Upbringing

   • pano ka pinalaki

2. Personal growth and evolution

   • modify

3. Temperament - “inborn”

4. Exposure to diff. environment - friends or loved ones

Challenges in Personality

• Decision making issues

• Over-emotional availability - inuuna yung iba

• Difficulty saying NO - people pleaser

• Bottling emotions - men

• Lack of confidence - self-doubt

• Anger management issues - no control

How to Improve and Modify

• Self-awareness

• Behavioral Modification - self discipline, cognitive reframing, gradual exposure

• Emotional regulation

SIGMUND FREUD

SIGMUND FREUD

• caused and can be explained

  • past exp

  • environment

Structures of Personality

1. Id

   • pleasure

   • makuha kung anong gusto

     • anti-social people

   • present at birth

   • agression and impulses

   • Examples:

     • impulsive buyer

     • pagnanakaw

     • paghiganti

   • criminal, scammers, illegal recruiters

   • self-centered

   • overdominant

     • Manic / bipolar disorders

     • antisocial disorder

     • narcissistic

     • ADHD

     • histrionic

2. Ego

   • balance

     • appropriate to the situation

   • reality principle

   • disorders:

     • schizophrenia

     • hallucinations

     • delusions

3. Superego

   • morality

   • konsensya

   • perfection principle

   • 3-6 yrs old

   • importance on social norms and rules

   • responsable

   • may disiplina

   • sumobra > mahirap pakisamahan

   • dominat > mental disorders (anorexia, bulimia, obssessive compulsive disorder) societal standards

   • reward and punishment

Levels of the Mind (Topography of the Mind)

1. Conscious Mind

   • aware

   • maliit na part sa brain

2. Preconscious

   • narerecall agad if mag eeffort

   • teacher mo nung grade 6

   • hindi essential or unpleasant

3. Subconscious

   • pede maalala

   • nasa pagitan

   • “gatekeeper”

   • manifest > dreams, hypnosis, slip of the tongue, lasing, free association

4. Unconscious

   • repressed > traumatic

   • malaking part ng brain

   • traumatic exp

   • defense mech: repressed (rape survivor)

Dream Analysis

• symbolism

• panaginip tungkol sa ahas

Ego Defense Mechanism

• protect from axiety or stress

  1. Suppression

     • forced unforgetting

     • ex. change topic

     • processed ur thoughts

  2. Repression

     • unconscious forgetting > unconcious mind

     • manifest: flashbacks, panic attacks, biglang anxiety xbakit?

  3. Rationalization

     • reason out = justifying actions (wrong behavior)

     • ex. hindi nainvite as date, bumagsak, impulsive buying, late lagi, pagsisinungaling sa magulang, domestic violence

  4. Identification

     • pag gaya (style, pagsasalita, kilos, career)

     • common sa teenagers (role model) = walang identification

     • kailangan pa rin makilala kung ano gusto mo para sa sarili = unique

  5. Introjection

     • pag gaya in a deep way

     • values, attitudes, beliefs

     • ex. mga bata like pagpapasunod sa kapatid, pagiging kuripot, religious beliefs - attitude ng magulang, work ethic/dedication

  6. Compensation

     • pagtakip sa deficiencies or mapunan

     • ex. pandak > heels, pangit > academic or mamahaling gamit, low esteem > work behavior, ofw parent > luho

  7. Reaction Formation

     • plastic sa feelings

     • opposite yung pinapakita mo sa nararadamdam mo

  8. Substitution

     • unachievable > achievable goals

     • replacement

     • ex. sikat bc player into coach, doc > nursing, smoking > candy

  9. Displacement

     • bunton ng galit > less threatening

     • journaling, exercising, playing (healthy ways)

  10. Restitution (Undoing)

      • rationalize, displacement > undoing

      • suhol = wrongdoings na guilty

  11. Projection

      • “scapegoat” or blaming to others

  12. Sublimation

      • unacceptablebehavior > socially acceptable

      • “rechannel”

      • ex. malakas boses > debate team, aggresibo > boxing, corrupt > charity

  13. Denial

      • cannot accept the reality

      • ex. cold rs, diabetic, unwanted pregnancy, impulsiveness sa pagbili

  14. Conversion

      • body reacts due to stress

      • ex. kinakabahan > sakit ng tyan, nagulat > paralyze, guilt may pinanood > nabulag

  15. Fantasy

      • daydreaming

      • not in reality

      • ex. nanao sa lotto

  16. Regression

      • pagbalik sa batang asal > comfort or attention

      • ex. toilet trained, pagdede, pabebe, thumb sucking etc., tantrums

Common Defense Mechanism to Diff. Disorders

1. Anorexia Nervosa > Suppression

2. Bipolar Disorder > Reaction Formation

3. Catatronic Schizophrenia > Repression

4. Depression > Denial

5. Paranoid Schizophrenia > Projection

6. Phobia > displacement

7. OCD > undoing

Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Development - pag unlad ng skills

• Growth - puberty or physical changes

• Libido - sense of gratification

• (5) Stages:

  1. Oral Stage (0-18 mos)

     • infants cry when they need something

     • hindi na satisfy: oral fixated - overeating, smoking, drinkers, bully

     • regression - satisfy needs

  2. Anal Stage (18-36 months)

     • zone of gratification - anus

     • toilet training

       • may kontrol

       • potty training

       • too loose: may consequences ngunit di sinusunod ni guardian- anti social, dugyot

       • too rigid: strict sa rules - OCD, perfectionist, organize

       • balanced training - masunurin at responsable

     • punishment and reward system = moral compass

  3. Phallic Stage (3-5 yrs)

     • genitals (abt curiosity not sex)

     • explore - penis envy

     • castration complex - fear of body mutilation or takot baka putulin

     • naglalaro ng genitals - provide provide

     • oedipus complex: mommys boy

     • electra complex: daddys girl

     • identification role model parents: make up

  4. Latency Stage (5-13 yrs old)

     • inactive sexual drive

     • exploration > activities (academics, sports, social activities)

     • separation anxiety, grade schoolers

     • superego nabubuo

  5. Genital Stage (teenage-adulthood)

     • final stage

     • active sexual energy

     • puberty

     • highschooler

     • capability for true intimacy - tamang guidance (open minded comm)

Psychoanalysis

1. Hypnosis - pumunta sa unconscious thoughts

2. Free Association - subconscious

Transference vs. Countertransference

Transference

• pasyente > nurse

• displace of feelings

• may kamukha or kakilos

• maintain professional boundaries to prevent dependency

Countertransference

• nurse > pasyente

• kabaliktaran ng transference

• leads to favoritism or unequal trearment or care

“Prevent emotional attachment, maintain professionalism.”

ERIC ERICKSON

ERIC ERICKSON

• proposed psychosocial development theory

• focus: social relationships as no. 1 factor for development

• “Tell me who you’re friends are and ill tell u who u are”

• up to old age unlike theory of sigmund freud

• need nila ma accomplish yung mga task if hindi may negative effects sa personality

Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1 year)

• task: safe and secured environment

• feeling of safety and secured

• negative: mistrust if di naging stable ang environment

• patient with mistrust: sealed foods

Automy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler: 1-3 yrs)

• task: matutong maging independent and magkaron ng sense of control

• automy - in terms of desisyon

• negative: kinokontrol leads to shame and doubt

• common behavior in this stage: tantrums and always saying no

• build their confidence

• give them choices

Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3-6 yrs)

• malaya ang bata sa gustong gawin

• curiosity - palatanong

• support sa creativity and curiosity

• lahat ng tanong sagutin mo

• atasan ng maliliit na responsibilities para mafeel netong may naitutulong

• patient: give encouragement

Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: Grade 1 to 6)

• importante ang accomplishments

• competence and confidence

• pasalihin sa mga activities sa school

• reward system

• huwag ikumpara sa iba (leads to inferiority concept, pakiramdam na hindi sila magaling)

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: HS Years)

• virtue: fidelity (katapatan sa sarili)

• pagbuo ng identity, sense of self

• sense of belonginess

• role of peers: common interests

• role of parents: support makipagkaibigan ang anak

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult: 18-25 Years)

• virtue: love

• pagtatag ng matibay at makabuluhang rs

• role of rs: circle of friends for support system

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 26-45 Years)

• Focus: care

• productivity - society contribution

• generativity: may ambag sa society

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

• focus: wisdom

• ego integrity: kuntento at masaya sa takbo ng buhay no regrets

JEAN PIAGET

JEAN PIAGET

• pano nababago ang pag iisip habang lumalaki

Cognitive Theory Development

Sensory Motor Stage (0-2 yrs)

• senses at motor

• maintindihan mga nasa paligid

• object permanence: kahit di pa nakikita alam nya (8mos)

• nakikilala mga nasa paligid, nakakapagdrawing ng stick figure

Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)

• mas natututong magsalita

• naintindihan na gestures at facial expressions

• egocentrism: hirap pa umintindi ng pananaw ng iba

• madamot - turuan na lang

• animism: mga walang buhay kinakausap

• can group objects based sa shape

Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 Yrs)

• logical thinking

• recersibility: 5-2 or 2-5 nasasagot

• spatiality: distance at lawak

• accomodation: nakakapagadjust sa isang sitwasyon

• decentering: iniintindi na yung pananaw ng iba

Formal Operational Stage (12 and above)

• abstract thinking: nakakaisip ng mas malalim na concept

• malalim na salita

• critical thinking sills at decision making skills

HARRY SULLIVAN

HARRY SULLIVAN

• inspiration ni peplau

• emotional problems due to unsatisfying rs

• environment - major factor

Personality Development

Infancy

• oral + anal stage

• need matugunan ang needs x fear and anxiety

Childhood

• support system magulang - builds confidence, papuri

• appreciation

Juvenile Stage (5-8 Yrs)

• marunong ng makipagnegotiate

• kapag ganto bibilhan mo ko neto

Pre-Adolescence (8-12 yrs)

• friends and connection

• mas priority kesa parents

• crush crush

Adolescence (Puberty-Adulthood)

• lust

• romantic rs

HILDEGARD PEPLAU

HILDEGARD PEPLAU

• interpersonal theory = nurse-pt rs

• therapeutic rs most important

• rapport

Interpersonal Relations Theory

Orientation Phase

• pagpapakilala

  • name

  • explains procedure

  • answers qs

• establist rapport

Identification Phase

• pt starts expressing feelings

• works interdependently w nurse

Exploitation Phase

• interventions

Resolution Phase

• independently na ang pt

Roles of Nurses

Stranger

• paramdam mo na u respect them

• greet

Resource Person

• source ng sagot

Teacher

• pagtuturo ng skills or knowledge

Leader

• giving direction

Surrogate

• temporary substitute to another person

• professional boundaries maintain

Counselor

• not giving ADVICE active listening and just being there is ENOUGH

• like tell me more about it

ABRAHAM MASLOW

ABRAHAM MASLOW

• hierarchy of needs

• pyramid

  • lower level - kailangan muna matugunan before magproceed

Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs)

   • basic needs = ikakabuhay

   • pag wala neto pedeng ikamatay

   • oxygen, mineral, air, vitamins, food, sleep, pain, etc

   • application in pt care: DOB most priority, pain is second hindi hahayaan tumagal ito sa tao

2. Safety and Security Needs

   • safe environment

   • job, retirement, health insurance (sense of stability)

3. Love and Belongingness Needs

   • love and connection

   • fam, friends, romantic rs, comm. involvement

4. Self-Esteem Needs

   • nahahati sa dalawa

     • lower self-esteem needs (galing ibang tao)

     • higher self-esteem needs (sa sarili mismo galing)

       • self-respect

       • confidence

       • sense of achievement

       • mastery

       • independence

       • freedom

5. Self-Actualization

   • pinakamataas na level

   • realizations of one’s potential and growth

   • ex. achieving goals, fulfilled in career and life, pursuing passions and interests

   • minsan yung nastuck sa security needs

BEHAVIORAL THEORY

BEHAVIORAL THEORY

• focus: behavioral and behavior changes

• theorists under this believes behavior can be learned and changed

• nursing application: unacceptable behaviors that can be modified

• reward and punishment system

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

• external stimuli > nasasanay

• ex. bell at dog

B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning

• natututo sa pamamagitan ng reward and punishment system

• two types of reinforcement:

  • Positive - reward para maulit

  • Negative - tatanggalin yung hindi ayos na rules

• two types of punishment:

  • Positive - nagdagdag ng consequences

  • Negative - tinatanggal yung mga gusto nya (bagay, hobbies)

Application in Nursing:

• token economy system

  • kapag may nagawang tama bibigyan ng token hanggang sa maipon

  • reward: either phone call or kahit anong wish ni pt

  • para mamodify yung behavior > makasanayan