Midterm exam (I)

Weeks 1 to 7

Full name

What is your full name?

• My full name is…

Age

How old are you?

• I’m… years old

Date of birth

When where you born?

• I was born on…

Place of birth

Where where you born?

• I was born in…

School and year of graduation

Where did you graduate from and in what year?

• I graduated from… in…

Address

Where do you live?

• I live in…

Cell phone number

What is you cell phone number?

• My cell phone number is…

Institutional e-mail

What is your institutional e-mail?

• My institutional e-mail is…

Hobbies

What do you love to do on your free time?

• I love to… in my free time

Family

Who is in your family?

• My family consists of…

Reason why you study radiology

Why are you studying radiology?

• I’m studying radiology because…

Interest in radiology

Why do you like radiology?

• I like radiology because…

Favorite imaging technique

What is your favorite imaging technique?

• My favorite imaging technique is…

Lab activities

What do you like to do in the radiology lab?

• In the radiology lab I like to…

Interesting procedure

What is one radiology procedure you find interesting?

• I find interesting…

Famous radiologist you admire

Which famous radiologist you admire and why?

• I admire… because…

Characteristics of comands

1. They use the imperative form (verbs are in the base form/infinitive)

2. They start with “please”

3. They tend to be polite

Structure of a command

(Don’t +) verb on its base form + complement (+ please)

Avoid when using a command

A subject (you)

Common verbs used before the procedure

1. Remove

2. Sit

3. Take off

4. Turn off

5. Place

6. Wait

7. Complete

8. Sign

9. Change

Common verbs used during the procedure

1. Stand

2. Move

3. Lie (down)

4. Turn

5. Lift

6. Bend

7. Face

8. Look

9. Stay/keep

10. Breathe

11. Hold

12. Don’t move

13. Relax

14. Follow

Common verbs used after the procedure

1. Get dressed

2. Wait

3. Go

4. Drink

5. Follow up

6. Check

7. Ask

8. Come back

X-ray instructions

• Remove all jewelry and metal objects

• Inform the technologist if you are pregnant or suspect you might be

Computed tomography (CT) instructions

• Avoid eating or drinking for at least four hours before the exam, especially if contrast material will be used

• Inform your physician if you have allergies to contrast agents or iodine

• Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing without metal fasteners

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instructions

• Remove all metallic items, including jewelry, watches and hairpins

• Inform the technologist if you have any metal implants, pacemakers or claustrophobia

• Follow specific dietary restrictions if instructed, especially for abdominal or pelvic

Ultrasound instructions

Abdominal:

• Refrain from eating or drinking for six hours before the exam to reduce gas and ensure clearer images

Pelvic:

• Drink 32 ounces of water one hour prior and avoid urinating to ensure a full bladder, which provides better imaging

Positron emission tomography (PET) instructions

• Avoid eating or drinking (except water) for six hours before the scan

• Limit sugar and caffeine intake 24 hours prior

• Inform the technologist if you have diabetes, as special preparations may be necessary

Mammography instructions

• Avoid using deodorants, perfumes, powders, or lotions under the arms or on the breasts on the day of the exam, as these can appear on the mammogram

• Schedule the exam when breasts are least tender, typically one week after menstruation

• Bring previous images for comparison if they were done at a different facility

Bone density scan (DEXA) instructions

• Avoid taking calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before the exam

• Wear loose clothing without metal zippers, belts, or buttons

• Inform your physician if you've recently had a barium exam or contrast material injection

Fluoroscopy instructions

• Follow a clear liquid diet 24 hours before the exam

• Use prescribed laxatives or enemas to clear the bowel as instructed

• Refrain from eating or drinking after midnight before the procedure

X-ray machine

The main device used to capture x-ray images of the body

Examination table

Provides a stable surface for patients during imaging procedures

Control panel

The console used by the technologist to operate and adjust the X-ray machine settings

Imaging plate

The surface or sensor that captures the X-ray image

Wall-mounted equipement

Devices fixed to the wall for easy access and convenience

Lead apron

Protective gear worn by patients or staff to block radiation exposure

Protective barrier

A shield or wall that protects the operator from radiation exposure during procedures

Radiation warning sign

A posted sign indicating that radiation is currently in use in the area

Monitor/screen

Used to view and analyze the captured X-ray images

Lights

Often ceiling-mounted, these provide clear visibility during examinations

Radiation

Energy used in imaging; requires safety measures

Exposure

Contact with radiation (minimized for safety)

Shielding

Protective measures or objects that block radiation

Warning sign

Alerts people that a scan is in progress

Safety protocol

Steps followed to protect people in the room

Medical record

Detailed and organized document that contains important health information about a person

Content of a medical record

Personal details such as the patient's full name, date of birth, address and emergency contact

Content of a medical history

Past illnesses, surgeries, hospital stays and any chronic conditions

Medication on a medical record

It shows a list of current medications, including dosage and frequency

Reason why allergies are included

The medication use could cause dangerous reactions during treatment

Authors of clinical notes

Doctors and nurses

Content of clinical notes

They explain the patient’s symptoms, physical examination results and initial diagnoses

Imaging reports included

X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds and MRIs

Confidentiality of a medical record

It must be stored carefully and kept confidential, only authorized healthcare professionals can access it

Routine chest X-ray

Common diagnostic test used to check for abnormalities in the lungs, heart and chest wall

Procedure of a routine chest X-ray

1. The patient is asked to remove any metal objects

2. The patient is asked to wear a hospital gown

3. The patient stands against the X-ray machine

4. The technologist gives clear instructions

5. The technologist positions the patient properly

6. The patient must remain still

7. The X-ray images are reviewed by a radiologist

8. The X-ray images are included in the patient’s medical record

WH-charting

Reading strategy that helps organize information by answering six key questions

WH-charting questions

1. Who is involved?

2. What happens?

3. When does it happen?

4. Where does it take place?

5. Why does it happen?

6. How is it done?

Importance of WH-charting

It helps understand the main ideas and important details of a text, especially in medical and procedural contexts

Gown

Loose-fitting hospital garment

Radiologist

Doctor who interprets X-rays

Abnormality

Something not typical or expected

Position

To place someone in a specific way

Remain

To stay in the same place or condition

Remove

To take something off or away

Passive voice

It’s often used in radiology because the focus is on the procedure

Passive voice structure

Subject + is/are + past participle

Radiology

Part of medicine that uses radiation to take images of the body

Importance of radiology

The images help doctors see bones, organs and other parts inside the body

Important safety rules in radiology

1. Wear a lead apron to protect your body

2. Use gloves and glasses if you’re close to the machine

3. Check the X-ray machine before every use

4. Tell the patient to stay still

5. Do not enter the room without permission

6. Stand behind the protective screen during the scan

7. Post a radiation warning sign outside the room

Dosimeter

Small badge that checks how much radiation someone receives

X-rays and pregnancy

Pregnant woman shouldn’t get X-rays done unless it’s an emergency as it can harm the baby

Imperative form

It’s used to give commands, instructions, warnings or advice

Lead apron chart

1. It’s pronounced as “led eipron”

2. Heavy vest made of lead

3. Used during X-rays and CT scans

4. Protects the body from radiation

5. It translates to “delantal de plomo”

Lead gloves chart

1. It’s pronounced as “led glofs”

2. Protective gloves made of lead

3. Used during X-rays or fluoroscopy

4. Protects the hands from harmful radiation

5. It translates to “guantes de plomo”

Lead thyroid collar chart

1. It’s pronounced as “led fairoid colar”

2. Protective device worn around the neck

3. Used during dental X-rays, cephalometric radiographies, etc.

4. Protects the thyroid gland from radiation

5. It translates to “collar tiroideo de plomo”

Lead glasses chart

1. It’s pronounced as “led glasses”

2. Specialized eyewear designed to protect the eyes

3. Used during fluoroscopy, CT scans and X-rays

4. Protects the eyes from ionizing radiation

5. It translates to “lentes de plomo”

Protective screen chart

1. It’s pronounced as “protektif scrin”

2. Screen that protects both the patient and healthcare professionals

3. Used during ionizing radiation procedures

4. Protects the staff and patients from harmful radiation

5. It translates to “pantalla protectora”

Dosimeter chart

1. It’s pronounced as “dosimeter”

2. Device that measures the quantities of exposure, kerma, absorbed dose or related quantities of ionizing radiation

3. Used when near ionizing radiation sources

4. Prevents the overexposure and maintains practices aligned with the ALARA principle

5. It translates to “dosímetro”

Mobile lead shield chart

1. It’s pronounced as “mobail led chield”

2. Portable radiation barrier made of lead

3. Used during any radiation procedure

4. Helps minimize the amount of radiation reaching healthcare professionals and patients

5. It translates to “escudo móvil de plomo”

Radiation signs chart

1. It’s pronounced as “radieishon sain”

2. Trefoil or three-leaf clover design with a small central circle and displayed over a yellow background

3. Used near the presence of radioactive matter or ionizing radiation sources

4. Alerts people of the presence of radiation

5. It translates to “signos de radiación”

Control room chart

1. It’s pronounced as “controul ruum”

2. Designated space where radiologists and healthcare professionals operate and monitor X-rays and imaging equipment

3. Used during X-rays procedures, CT scans, MRI scans, etc.

4. Provides a shielded area where radiologists can operate the equipment, monitor the patient and adjust settings while also minimizing their exposure to radiation

5. It translates to “cuarto de control”

Gonad shield chart

1. It’s pronounced as “gounad chield”

2. Protective device made of lead and placed over the gonads

3. Used during chest and abdominal X-rays

4. Blocks the radiation reaching the gonads

5. It translates to “protector gonadal”

Importance of correct patient positioning

It’s essential to obtain clear and accurate images, helps radiologists diagnose conditions properly and reduces the need for repeated X-rays

Common X-ray positions

1. Supine - patient lies flat on their back

2. Prone - patient lies flat on their stomach

3. Lateral - patient lies on their side

4. Erect - patient stands upright

5. Oblique - patient’s body is angled (special views)

Common verbs for patient positioning and preparation

1. Stand

2. Sit

3. Lie

4. Turn

5. Rotate

6. Bend

7. Raise

8. Lower

9. Hold

10. Relax

11. Stay

12. Move

13. Adjust

Common verbs for taking and handling images

1. Take

2. Capture

3. Scan

4. Expose

5. Record

6. Process

7. Review

Common verbs for giving instructions

1. Breathe

2. Inhale

3. Exhale

4. Stop

5. Wait

6. Follow

7. Listen

Common verbs for machine use and setup

1. Adjust

2. Position

3. Set

4. Select

5. Activate

6. Operate

Common verbs for safety and protection

1. Shield

2. Protect

3. Cover

4. Monitor

Supine chart

1. It’s pronounced as “supain”

2. Patient lies on their back and face up

3. Use for chest, abdominal and pelvis X-rays

4. It translates to “posición supina”

Prone chart

1. It’s pronounced as “prown”

2. Patient lies flat on their stomach and face down

3. Used for spinal X-rays and abdominal studies

4. It translates to “posición prona”

Lateral chart

1. It’s pronounced as “lateral”

2. Patient lies on their left or right side

3. Used for side view chest X-rays and hip injuries

4. It translates to “posición lateral”

Erect chart

1. It’s pronounced as “eerekt”

2. Patient stands upright and facing forward

3. Used for chest and cervical spine X-rays

4. It translates to “posición erguida”

Oblique chart

1. It’s pronounced as “oblik”

2. Patient’s body is angled between their front and side

3. Used for chest oblique views and abdominal X-rays

4. It translates to “posición oblicua”

Decubitus chart

1. It’s pronounced as “dehkyubitus”

2. Patient lies on their side and the X-ray is taken horizontally

3. Used for fluid or air detection on abdominal X-rays

4. It translates to “posición de decúbito”

Fowler’s chart

1. It’s pronounced as “faulers”

2. Patient is sitting or half-sitting with their head raised from 45° to 60°

3. Used for chest X-rays of patients with breathing difficulties

4. It translates into “posición de Fowler”

Trendelenburg chart

1. It’s pronounced as “trendelenburg”

2. Patient lies on their back with their feet higher than their head

3. Used for emergency treatment for shock

4. It translates to “posición de Trendelenburg”

Lordotic chart

1. It’s pronounced as “lordotik”

2. Patient stands and leans backwards

3. Used for lung apex examination

4. It translates to “posición lordótica”

Cross-table lateral chart

1. It’s pronounced as “cros-teibol lateral”

2. Patient stays lying while the X-ray beam crosses the table horizontally

3. Used for trauma X-rays on the hips or neck

4. It translates to “posición lateral a través de la mesa”