TChem Jeopardy Midterm (1)

Protons & Neutrons

These components of an atom comprise the majority of its weight (mass).

Atomic Number

The number of protons that tells us an element's identity.

Isotope

Atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic mass due to differing numbers of neutrons.

p Orbital

An orbital that can hold a total of 6 electrons.

Valence Electrons

Electrons involved in forming chemical bonds and determining similar chemical properties.

7A Group

Refers to elements that tend to gain 1 electron due to having 7 valence electrons.

1A Group

Refers to elements that tend to lose 1 electron due to having 1 valence electron.

Oxidation Numbers

Numbers that indicate the charge of an atom in a compound; can be positive or negative.

Valence Electrons of Carbon

Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds

The type of bonds found in water that give it unique physical and chemical properties.

Electrophile

The least electronegative atom in a chemical reaction.

Nucleophile

The most electronegative atom in a chemical reaction.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed by sharing electrons.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed by losing and gaining electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond with a net dipole due to uneven electron sharing.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A bond with zero net dipole.

Oxidized Atom

An atom that loses electrons.

Reduced Atom

An atom that gains electrons.

Physical Property

A property discovered by changing a substance’s identity.

Chemical Property

A property that describes how a substance reacts to form new substances.

Heat of Fusion

The heat needed to convert solid to liquid.

Heat of Vaporization

The heat needed to convert liquid into gas.

Hard Water

Water that has a high mineral content. The excess calcium can cause clotting.

Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Exists in aqueous solution as methylene glycol.

Formaldehyde pH Range

7.3 - 7.5.

Glutaraldehyde pH Range

7.3 - 9.0.

Index in Embalming

The number of grams of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)

Used as surfactants and disinfectants in embalming fluids.

Methylene Bridge

Formed between carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms during embalming.

Glutaraldehyde in Embalming

Reduces inhalation exposure and has a wider pH range.

Formaldehyde + Nitrogen

Combines to produce Urotropin, increasing formaldehyde demand.

Dilute Solution

A solution containing a small amount of solute.

Concentrated Solution

A solution containing a large amount of solute.

Lewis Base

Substance that donates a pair of electrons.

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Substance that is a proton acceptor.

Arrhenius Base

Substance that increases [OH-] and decreases [H3O+].

Entropy

The tendency of matter to become more disorganized over time.

Toxicity of Methanol

Ingesting methanol is extremely toxic, metabolizing into aldehyde/formaldehyde.

Carboxylic Acids

Considered acids because they dissociate in water, forming conjugate base and H3O+,

Isomer

Substances with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.

Amine

Acts as a base and has a notable unpleasant scent.

Sequestering Agents

Their goal in embalming is to trap or bond to calcium to decrease blood clotting.

Ketosis

Condition where blood is acidic due to the presence of ketones.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces salt and water.

Decomposition of Body

An example of a chemical change.

Acids and Bases

Acids increase H+ concentration while bases increase OH- concentration.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

Sublimation

The process where a substance goes from solid directly to gas.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that liberates or releases heat.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs heat.

Name the Following Elements:

O, H, Fe, Mg, Cl, C, Ca, Na

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron, Magnesium, Chlorine, Carbon, Calcium, Sodium

Moving from Solid → Liquid → Gas = ____ Heat

absorbs heat

Moving from Gas →Liquid →Solid = ____ Heat

releases heat

what compound is NH₄⁺

ammonium

what compound is OH^-1

hydroxide

what compound is H₃O⁺

hydronium

To calculate density you will need what equation?

Density = mass/volume

Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved at a given temperature.

saturated solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.

supersaturated solution

A solution that contains more solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved at a given temperature, usually achieved by increasing temperature and then cooling.

What types of C-C bonds (single/double/triple and saturated/unsaturated) exist in: Alkanes

single/saturated

What types of C-C bonds (single/double/triple and saturated/unsaturated) exist in Alkenes

double/unsaturated

What types of C-C bonds (single/double/triple and saturated/unsaturated) exist in Alkynes

triple/unsaturated

Name the following Alkane Hydrocarbon Chains:

1.1 Carbon Chain

2.5 Carbon Chain

3.8 Carbon Chain

1.Methane

2.Pentane

3.Octane

An Alkane with ___ removed, forms an ___

hydrogen/Alkyl

In funeral service, Esters are found in ___ solutions as ___ ____.

Embalming solutions/ perfuming agents

Changing from Solid to Gas is an example of a ___ Property

Chemical Properties are discovered by changing a substance’s ____ ____.

physical state/ chemical composition.

Define Heat of Fusion

The amount of energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point without changing its temperature.

Define heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point without changing its temperature.