AP Euro - Reformation ID Terms

simony

the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church

pluralism

the holding of multiple church positions at the same time to increase the wealth of high church officials, sometimes secular leaders as well. this is a result of simony and the causing factor of absenteeism.

absenteeism

a result of pluralism; when multiple ecclesiastical positions were held by one official resulting in that leader being absent in many of the areas that they rule. also leads to incompetent clergy and a lack of church influence in those areas.

sale of indulgences

people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones; thought to shorten that person or a loved one's time in purgatory; was a common method of the church to gain power and money

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Reformation through the belief in only two Sacraments, Baptism and consubstantiation Communion. (consubstantiation means that Christ is in the room with you and with the elements)

Johann Tetzel

the lead church official in selling indulgences; infuriated Luther because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. This list consists of critiques regarding simony, purgatory, ineffectual clergy, and indulgences.

Johann Eck

A theologian and defender of Catholicism. He argued that the ideas of Luther and Jan Hus were similar in the 1519 Leipzig Debate. Luther was moved to deny the authority of the pope, making the break between Protestants and Catholics complete.

"priesthood of all believers"

Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible that introduced a democratic element in that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which declared Luther an outlaw.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain who tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism, especially Luther, and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with the Ottomans and French Monarchy and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

German Peasants' War

revolt resulting from the introduction of a second tithe by Germany's princes and many other economic issues along with Luther's words that all are equal in the eyes of God. Luther sided with the nobility to maintain support for his movement and his doctrine of secular leaders being chosen by God. Luther wrote On the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants in response to the revolts as a call for the nobles to unite together to put an end to the revolts.

Schmalkaldic League

eight Lutheran princes and eleven imperial cities formed a defensive alliance against Charles V's threat of turning them back to the Catholic church; a result of the Diet of Augsburg that Charles V called due to Catholicism and Lutheranism splitting the HRE.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

ends the Schmalkaldic wars; granted legal recognition of Lutheranism as a religion in Germany; stated that Lutheran states had the same rights as Catholic States and that the local ruler decides the regional religion (Lutheran or Catholic); opened doors for other religions

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

John of Leyden

led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern Lutheran German city of Munster. He was king of the "New Jerusalem" and he would lead the elect to cover the world and purify all evil by the sword in preparation for the Second Coming of Jesus and the creation of a New Age.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland; a humanist who preached from Erasmus' New Greek Testament; established a theocracy based on the idea that the Bible should be the sole authority for religion; in contrast to Luther, he saw the Last Supper as only symbolic. His teachings failed to unify his Protestant Swiss and Lutheran German regions against Charles V; his teachings led to a Swiss Civil War foreshadowing more religious conflict.

Marburg Colloquy

The meeting of Luther and Zwingli to unite their two movements. They failed over the issue of communion. Zwingli believed the Bread and Wine were symbolic. Luther disagreed and believed in substantiation

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society; started a new aspect of the Protestant Reformation with key differences to the Lutheran doctrine

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

Michael Servetus

a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.

John Knox

Scottish theologian and Calvinist reformer who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland; a trained follower of Calvin and missionary for the Reformation.

Presbyterianism

a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism; believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops; founded by John Knox; elected elders.

Huguenots

French Calvinists that were persecuted by French kings in an attempt to limit the spread of the Calvinist minority of all aspects of the hierarchy. The persecution leads to religious conflict in France.

Puritans

A religious group of English Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England; wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England; came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay.

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England (Anglican Church) broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church; result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope.

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English and became the basis for the King James Version. This led to him being hunted down and executed after thousands of English Bibles had made their way to England.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval).

In Defense of the Seven Sacraments

A book written by King Henry VIII of England, criticizing Luther's views on the Catholic Church.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Thomas Wolsey

England's greatest medieval cardinal (highest-ranking church official) who worked on behalf of Henry VIII. He was dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Act of Supremacy

In 1534, Henry VIII created this that declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope. It completed the break of the Church of England with Rome and declared that the king was "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England". This meant that the English monarch now controlled the church in all matters of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline

Pilgrimage of Grace

uprising in the North of England in 1536 in opposition to Henry's reformation that posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power. It is the only overt immediate discontent shown against the Reformation legislation of King Henry VIII.

Statute of the Six Articles

upheld the seven sacraments, maintained Catholic theology, and replaced the authority of the pope with that of the monarch

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son who became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer who were strongly protestant. England moved towards Protestantism during his reign by adopting Calvinism.

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

Took the English throne in 1553 and tried to reimpose Catholicism. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, part of the Tudor family, and a devoted Catholic. Married to Philip II of Spain. Helped lead Counter-Reformation against Protestantism. Her goal was to return Britain to the Catholic Church. Nicknamed Bloody Mary because of the 300 Protestants she killed during her reign. Died with no heirs to the throne.

Elizabeth I politique

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise. She prioritized politics over religion; for example, she played both sides of Protestants and Catholics to not be tied down on either side.

Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately

Thirty-Nine Articles

Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church and defined all the rules; maintained all the outward appearances of Catholicism but implanted Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots)

A Scottish Catholic queen who fled Scotland during its reformation and later attempted to organize the assassination of Elizabeth I; she was beheaded.

Teresa de Avila

Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation

Catholic and Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself; an internal reform of the Catholic Church thanks to the work of the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers; reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings and forbade the sale of indulgences

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church that were banned from Catholic countries

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

They were the most famous educators in Europe and attempted to fight Protestantism. They had 3 goals: reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to pagan peoples, and fight Protestantism. Society grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals, and a dedication to engage in "conflict for God" and were an important instrument for papal policy.

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.