AP Euro: Thirty Years War

primarily fought in

Germany

type of war

religious war, civil war, war of invasion

civil war in

Germany between princes and emperor

international war featuring

catholic (spain, austria) vs. protestant (denmark,sweden)

renewal of

dutch revolt against spanish habsburgs

--spanish supported austrian habsburgs

religion was only one aspect of war

also struggle of German protestant princes (Bohemia, Saxony) aided by Denmark, Sweden, France, England, united provinces against HRE supported by catholic princes(bavaria)

4 phases

1. Bohemian

2. Danish

3. Swedish

4. French

Defenestration of Prague

Czech nobles revolt by throwing 2 Habsburg governors out of window

Emperor's response to Defenestration of Prague

combines w Bavaria to crush revolt

Battle of White Mountain

Bavarian commander Tilly defeats Protestant rebels

Ferdinand after Battle of White Mountain

passes severe peace

- nobles lose property and lives

- protestantism forbidden in bohemia

Christian IV

king of Denmark

-wants to defend protestant liberties

Wallenstein

Lutheran turned Catholic for royal favor

Wallenstein and Tilly vs Danes

Wallenstein/Tilly victorious

Edict of Restitution

mandates Catholic territory taken by Protestants since Peace of Augsburg be given back

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish lutheran king

Adolphus

military genius w new tactics

seige and sack of Madgeburg

-Wallenstein's imperial forces raid Protestant city

-citizens killed

-city enflamed

Battle of Breitenfeld

-Adophus defeats Tilly

-largest battle in war

-first Protestant victory

Battle of Lutzen

-HRE calls wallenstein back to command

-Adolphus killed

-Swedes capture Wallensteins artillery

-Swedish victory

Wallenstein moves some armies independently after Battle of Lutzen

-distrusted by emperor

-officers revolt

-assassinated by group of mercenaries

Treaty of Prague

-ends Swedish phase

-further strengthens empire and weakens princes

-Calvinist princes excluded

Cardinal Richelieu

enters war with troops bc doesn't want Habsburgs to be more powerful--war about dynastic power, not religion

when Emperor Ferdinand II dies

raises hopes for peace

Spanish vs French

Spanish almost capture Paris, but french have decisive victory at Rocroi under Prince de Conde

Treaty of Westphalia ends

Thirty Years' War

Treaty of Westphalia

-Calvinsts given same rights as Lutherans and Catholics

-Habsburg power limited to Austria, Hungary, bohemia

-German princes have sovereign authority

-France gains Alsace, power, and prestige

-Sweden gains Pomerania

-Bavaria and palatinate become electorates

-ecclesiastical restitution date changed to 1624 from 155

-Swiss and Dutch gain independence

-Spain loses Netherlands

war between france and spain continues until

Peace of Pyrenees

peace of pyrenees

-France gets more territory

-Louis XIV gets daughter of Spain, Maria Theresa, as bride

long term consequences of thirty years war

-last religious war

-decline in German population

-France gains international prestige

-Spain loses international prestige

-Austrian Habsburgs more to east and south

-Brandenburg/Prussia gaining northern European power

-destructiveness of war made Germans prize security and order

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

A naval battle between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian powers led by Spain which ended in a decisive Christian victory, halting the ottoman advance into Europe.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Philip II of Spain

this was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

Henry IV (of Navarre)

Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610)

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.