Bio Test 3 (A1.1, B1.1, B1.2, C1.1)

why is carbon the backbone of life?

--> can form 4 single covalent bonds4 e- in valence shell

4 bonds w other elements makes up all 4 macromolecules…

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

monomers <--> polymer transformation

—> monomers join w/ other molecules to form polymers

• monomer --> polymer =

  • condensation(OH+H = H2O)

• polymer --> monomer =

  • hydrolysis(H2O --> OH + H

Monomers, Polymers and Macromolecules

Mono vs Di vs Poly saccharides

Carbs are defined by amt of carbons

has same ratio of h and o as water (2:1)

Pentose: ribose vs. deoxyribose

ribose → OH

THE 2nd CARBON FROM THE O IS BONDED TO OXYGEN (OH)

deoxyribose → H

THE 2nd CARBON FROM THE O IS NOT BONDED TO OXYGEN (just H)

hexose: alpha glucose vs beta glucose

Alpha → H on top

THE 1st CARBON IS BONDED TO H ON TOP

Beta → H on bottom

THE 1st CARBON IS BONDED TO H ON THE BOTTOM

Properties of Glucose

• transportability

  • soluble in water

• chemical stability

• energy yield

  • main energy source of respiration

starch composition

starch in plants stores energy

• made of 2 polysaccharides

  • amylose

    • made of alpha-glucose chain, 1c - 4c bonds (STRAIGHT)

  • amylopectin

    • made of alpha-glucose chain, 1c - 4c AND 1c - 6c bonds (BENT) every 20 glucose molecule

glycogen composition & function

polysaccharide, short term energy storage in animals

• alpha-glucose chain, 1c - 4c bonds

• ALSO has many 1c - 6c branches

• is insoluble due to many branches & coiling during polymerization

• glucose is stored as glycogen

cellulose composition

• polysaccharide, found in cell wall of plants

• beta-glucose chain, only 1c - 4c

• every other glucose molecule is flipped to have straight bonds

cellulose microfibrils

cellulose molecules group up to form cellulose microfibrils, which are held together by hydrogen bonds

• glycoproteins are also known as…

ABO antigens on red blood cells

• antigen —> the one present

• antibodies —> the ones not recognized

lipids composition & types

• have hydrocarbon chains

• all are non polar

  • triglycerides (fats/oils)

  • steroids

  • phospholipids

  • waxes

triglyceride composition & function

• 1 glycerol

• 3 fatty acids

  • (3 OH, 3 reactions can occur)

• energy storage (2x more than carbohydrates)

  • energy stored in bonds of HC chain

• insulation for cold climates

  • fat (triglycerides) is stored in adipose tissue

phospholipids compostion

phosphate, bonded to glycerol, bonded to 2 fatty acids

• fats and oils composition

fats and oils are triglycerides

fats

high melting points

solid at room temperature

usually saturated

long term energy storage in animals

oils

low melting points

liquid at room temperature

usually unsaturated

long term energy storage in plants/fish

fatty acid composition

• carboxyl (COOH)

• hydrocarbon chain

• methyl group (CH3)

saturated vs unsaturated fats

saturated —> straight, hydrocarbon chain has single bonds only

unsaturated —> bent, hydrocarbon chain has double bond

steroids composition

• 4 fused rings = steroid

• hydrophobic

• can diffuse directly into the bilayer

• oestradiol & testosterone = steroid testosterone