Biology-GR10: cells, cell division, cellcycle

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Cell Membrane

An outer layer that provides structural support and protection to plant cells. (outside cell membrane)

Cell Wall

Protects and stores cell DNA(material of heredity)

Nucleus

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many cellular processes.

Cytoplasm

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy to create glucose and oxygen. (plant cells only)

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, in presence of oxygen.

Mitochondria

Responsible for protein synthesis, free ribosomes create protein to be used in the cell.

Ribosome

A type of endoplasmic reticulum involved in the synthesis of lipids. Ex. fats and steriods.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins to be secreted.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Packages proteins and prepares them for secretion.

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

“bubbles” that contain various things

Vesicle

Vesicle that mostly contains water (larger in plant cells)

Vacuole

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes that fuse with vesicles to break down their contents.

Centrosome

Both maintains and actively changes the cell shape. responsible for internal transportation and the framework for compartalization.

Cytoskeleton

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, including DNA replication and growth.

interphase

Cell is performing normal functions but not dividing or preparing to divide.

G_o (step 1)

Doubling of cellular components

G1(step 2)

Duplication (replication) of DNA

S(step 3)

Production of components required for cell division

G2(step 4)

Cell division

Mitosis(step 5)

Nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes condense, turning into a “x” shape

Prophase

Chromosome line up at the cellular equator and spindle fibres attach to each side of centrosome

Metaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase

New nucleus membranes form and the chromosome uncondense and the cell begins to pinch in the middle splitting the cytoplasm.

Telophase

Controls the unique genetic code of every individual

DNA

threadlike structures made of protien

Chromosome

A mixture of DNA and Protiens that form chromosomes

Chromatin

A cellular structure involved in the process of cell division

Centromere

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

Telomere

one of the 2 identical halves of a chromosome that had been replicated in preparation of cell division

Chromatid

Consists of 2 complimentary DNA nucleotide bases that pair together to form “runs of DNA ladder’

Base Pair

The basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA & DNA)

Nucleotide

• No membrane-bound nucleus

• No membrane bound organelle

• single,circular chromosome

• No mitochondria

• ALL are single cell microscopic

Prokaryotes

• Membrane-bound nucleus

• Compartmentalized

• Multiple linear chromosome

• Have Mitochondria

• Single or Multicellular

Eukaryotes

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are thought to have once lived freely, have their own DNA, structurally similar to a prokaryote

• Both provide cells with important functions, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Endosymbiotic Theory

conversion of chemical potential energy stored in food into a biologically useful form (ATP-adenosine triphosphate)

• occurs inside mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

conversion of light energy into chemical energy

• occurs inside chloroplast

Photosynthesis

• Cell is not dividing or preparing to divide at the moment

• No new cells are needed

• cell is healthy and doing it’s job but not dividing

• will remain in Go until more cells are needed

Quiescence (G_o)

cells die when damaged, diseased, or divided too many times or simply not needed by organisms

Cell Death

Unprogrammed cell death

• death caused due to damage or disease

• caused by external factors E.g (injury or infection)

Necrosis

Programmed cell death

• cellular suicide

• caused by internal factors

• eliminates no longer needed cells

• cell contents recycled

Apoptosis

Can no longer produce viable daughter cells

• prevented from entering the cell cycle permanently

Senescence