Chapter 16 alternate visions of the 19th century

What often happens to societies under stress from internal or external forces?

They experience intense religious revivals.

What is a common solution proposed by societies facing crises?

Returning to a mythical past and allegedly purer forms of worship.

What was the impact of American westward expansion on indigenous peoples?

It was a form of imperialism that dispossessed them of their land claims.

What did Native American prophets advocate in response to colonization?

Resistance and a return to old traditions.

What was the stance of the Shawnee Tribe regarding their loss of lands?

They were embittered due to unfair loss of lands.

What did Tenskwatawa call for among the Shawnee?

A return to old traditions and a boycott of European goods.

What significant event did Tenskwatawa predict to prove his power?

He predicted a total eclipse on June 16, 1806.

What was Tecumseh's vision for Native Americans?

The formation of an Indian confederacy to combat American expansion.

What was the outcome of the War of 1812 for Native Americans?

It proved disastrous for their hopes, leading to significant losses.

What U.S. government policy confined Native Americans to reservations?

The policy was mostly achieved by 1889.

What was the Ghost Dance movement?

A revivalist idea that performing the dance would renew the world and shun white ways.

Who was Wovoka?

A Northern Paiute spiritual leader and prophet who inspired the Ghost Dance movement.

What tragic event occurred as a result of the Ghost Dance movement?

The army-led massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

What allowed the Mayans to escape the worst ravages of colonization?

Their isolated location provided relative autonomy for centuries.

What did Miguel Barbachano seek in response to Santa Ana's power grabs?

Independence for Yucatan from the Mexican national government.

What was the Caste War of the Yucatán?

An armed resistance by the Mayans against controlling elites from 1847 until 1901.

What was the result of the Mayan revolt against controlling elites?

It frightened landowners into appealing for U.S. or British annexation.

What was the impact of the Mexican-American War on the Mayans?

It allowed the Mexican government to kill a significant portion of Mayans and sell captives into slavery.

What characterized the insurgencies in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?

They faced decline, stirring religious movements to recapture past glories.

What did reformers in declining empires seek?

New theocratic governing structures for purified communities.

Where were Islamic revitalization movements strongest?

In fringe areas with limited contact to the global economy.

Who was Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab?

An Islamic reformer (1703-1792) who decried religious laxity and demanded a return to austere Islamic interpretations.

What is Wahhabism?

A powerful Islamic revivalist movement that originated on the Arabian Peninsula, advocating for a literal interpretation of the Koran and the end of un-Islamic practices.

What significant actions did Wahhabist followers take?

They sacked shrines and seized Mecca and Medina, threatening Ottoman control.

What was the Khedive of Egypt's role in 1818?

He used his troops to restore the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to Ottoman control.

What sparked Muslim revolts in West Africa?

Increased trade with the outside world.

Who was Usman dan Fodio?

A cleric who built the theocratic Sokoto Caliphate in northern Nigeria (1804-1903) and argued that traditional Hausa rulers were too lax in Islamic practices.

What was the population of the Sokoto Caliphate?

Approximately 20 million people.

What was the Mfecane?

A series of upheavals in early 19th century southern Africa that reordered the political map.

Who was Shaka Zulu?

A Bantu clan leader and military commander who created an expansionist warrior state and recruited based on merit.

What were the Xhosa Wars?

Conflicts in South Africa (1779-1879) provoked by European settlement.

What was the Cattle Killing Movement?

A movement led by a teenage prophetess in 1856, claiming that ancestors would return and drive Europeans into the sea, leading to the killing of cattle and burning of crops.

What was the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857?

A revolt against the British East India Company's rule, sparked by rumors about gun cartridges greased in animal fat.

Who was Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi?

A prominent leader of the Sepoy Rebellion who became a symbol of resistance for Indian nationalists.

What was the outcome of the Sepoy Rebellion?

It created a massive crisis for the British East India Company and led to a huge British military response to quell the revolt.

What did Edward Armitage's painting 'Retribution' depict?

An allegorical representation of British attitudes towards colonialism and the resistance they faced.

What was the British East India Company's role in India?

It ruled autocratically, annexing states and removing local elites from power while collecting taxes directly.

What was the significance of the call for Hindus and Muslims to unite during the Sepoy Rebellion?

It aimed to unite against British rule but did not challenge existing caste or religious hierarchies.

What did the Sepoy Rebellion destroy?

The myth of colonized people willingly accepting British benevolent rule.

What was the British public's reaction to the Sepoy Rebellion?

The printing of tales of civilian atrocities inflamed public opinion against the rebellion.

What was the outcome of the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857?

The revolt was brutally crushed in 1858, resulting in 800,000 dead, execution of Mughal princes, and exile of the last emperor.

What change occurred in British governance after the Sepoy Rebellion?

The British government took direct control of India, promising religious toleration, improvements, and political participation.

How many British officials governed India after the Sepoy Rebellion?

5,000 British officials governed 290 million Indians.

What was India's share of the world economy in 1750 compared to 1947?

India's share was 23% in 1750 and dropped to 4% when the British left in 1947.

What internal pressures did China face leading up to the Taiping Rebellion?

China faced population increase, resource pressure, and a spiraling opiate crisis, leading to social and financial instability.

What event caused a decline in Qing prestige and authority?

The Opium Wars contributed to the decline of Qing prestige and authority.

Who was Hong Xiuquan and what was his significance?

Hong Xiuquan encountered Christian missionaries and formulated ideas that became the basis for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

What personal crisis did Hong Xiuquan experience that influenced his beliefs?

He experienced a personal crisis after failing the 4th civil service exam, which gave new meaning to his Christian readings and visions.

What did Hong Xiuquan believe about his destiny?

He believed he was destined to save the world from evil and denounced the Qing dynasty and opium.

What were some of the social reforms proposed by the Taiping movement?

Reforms included land division according to need, gender equality in land ownership, and a ban on alcohol and opium.

What was the Taiping Rebellion and when did it begin?

The Taiping Rebellion was a full-fledged rebellion against the Qing that began in 1850, led by Hong Xiuquan.

What was the significance of Nanjing during the Taiping Rebellion?

Nanjing was seized by rebels and became the capital of the Taiping Kingdom, resembling a smaller version of the Forbidden City.

What contradictions existed within the Taiping movement?

While challenging traditional Chinese society, Hong copied many traditional symbols of rulership and maintained hierarchical structures.

What factors contributed to the end of the Taiping Kingdom?

Factors included leadership power struggles, rigid codes of conduct, elite backing of the Qing, and Western military aid.

How many people are estimated to have died during the Taiping Rebellion?

The Taiping Rebellion resulted in an estimated 10-20 million deaths.

What was the broader historical significance of the rebellions in the 19th century?

The rebellions signified local groups yearning for independence and highlighted the voices of common people in historical narratives.

What role did religious prophets and military leaders play in uncolonized regions during the 19th century?

They attempted to revitalize societies that seemed to be in decline amidst turmoil and transformation.

What was the impact of the Taiping Rebellion on Chinese society?

The rebellion challenged traditional concepts of hierarchy, patriarchy, and religion, leading to significant social upheaval.

What major political and economic changes occurred in Europe between 1789 and 1848?

These changes upended the old European order.

What impact did U.S. expansion westward have on Native Americans?

It took Native American lands and seized Mexican territory.

What challenges did Latin American nations face in the 19th century?

They struggled to transition from colonies to independence.

What was the dominant political climate in Europe from 1815 to 1848?

An era dominated by conservative monarchies battling radicals, liberals, socialists, and nationalists.

What were the main demands of liberals during the Restoration and Resistance period?

Civil liberties, legal equality, an end to trade restrictions, and reduced church influence over education.

Who was Klemens von Metternich?

A key figure in the conservative Restoration order from 1815 to 1848.

What was the main question facing societies during the Restoration and Resistance period?

Whether to build a new society or restore the old one.

What did radicals envision for political and economic systems?

A total reconfiguration of those systems.

What was the reaction against Enlightenment ideas during the 19th century?

A fear of industrialization's sweeping changes and a desire to stifle renewal of revolution.

What does Caspar David Friedrich's painting 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog' illustrate?

The exhilarating and terrifying insignificance of the individual versus the grandeur of nature.

What are the key characteristics of Romanticism that emerged in the 19th century?

Emphasis on irrational feelings, tragic love, mysterious spirituality, and the idealization of nature.

What was the significance of rising nationalism after 1815?

It threatened old empires as people began to define themselves by shared language, religion, and history.

Which groups supported national movements in the 19th century?

Liberal aristocrats, educated middle classes, and college students.

What did nationalist ideology advocate for each nationality?

Each nationality should be ruled by its own government for its own interests.

What was the goal of oppressed peoples like Hungarians and Poles in the 19th century?

To seek self-determination and establish autonomy.

What is the essence of 19th century liberalism?

Ideology derived from Enlightenment thought emphasizing civil liberties and economic freedom.

What are the key components of political liberalism?

Protection of civil liberties, rights written down, and laws made by elected legislatures.

What does economic liberalism advocate?

That people should be free in economic matters and that government should not interfere with supply and demand.

What inequalities did new thinkers in the 19th century attack?

The glaring inequalities produced by industrial capitalism.

What did late 19th century socialists argue about capitalism?

That it was wasteful and cruel, causing indifference to poverty.

What was the vision of socialists for society?

To create free, harmonious, and orderly societies.

What was the main idea behind George Ripley's Brook Farm?

To balance labor with leisure and self-improvement while benefiting the community.

What societal belief was propagated by charismatic prophets during industrialization?

Millenarianism, the belief that societies could be transformed by returning to a bygone moral age.

Name two millenarian groups that emerged in the U.S. during industrialization.

The Oneida Community and the Shakers.

What unique practices were established by the Oneida Community?

Communalism, complex marriage, male sexual continence, and mutual criticism.

Who was Charles Fourier and what did he advocate?

A visionary who proposed reorganizing society into self-sufficient units called phalanxes.

What was the structure of Fourier's proposed phalanstery?

It resembled elite palaces with libraries, lecture halls, work areas, and living quarters.

What is scientific socialism and who developed it?

A theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, claiming society is divided into producers and exploiters.

What are the stages of history according to Marx and Engels?

Feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and communism.

What did Marx believe would lead to the overthrow of capitalism?

The clash between wage workers and capitalists would create a new world of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

What was the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'?

A revolutionary phase where private property would end and the working class would control the state.

What did Marx predict about capitalism's future?

That it would fail due to its internal weaknesses and inequalities.

What was the Free Labor Ideology?

The belief that anyone could achieve success through hard work and dedication.

What was the People's Charter in Britain?

A mass movement demanding political rights for working-class males, including annual elections and secret ballots.

What were the main demands of the People's Charter?

1. Vote for every 21+ year old non-criminal male, 2. Secret ballot, 3. No property qualification to serve in Parliament, 4. Salaries for legislators, 5. Equal constituencies, 6. Annual elections.

What triggered the 1848 Revolutions in Europe?

Thirty years of repressive conservative policies, new industrial problems, and agricultural depression.

Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail?

The bourgeoisie feared radical workers, and revolutionary leaders naively believed forming legislatures equated to real power.

What lesson did the 1848 Revolutions teach rulers?

The importance of catering to public opinion and that passing resolutions did not guarantee lasting power.

How did the 1848 Revolutions impact global politics?

They toppled repressive regimes and highlighted the need for political modernization and industrialization worldwide.