Chapter 9: Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance

Which kind of fluid does the body have the highest volume of?

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

there is a decrease in the volume of the ECF

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop ___.

metabolic acidosis

Coffee has a pH of 5. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is secreted by the ______________.

lungs

The chemical phosphate and protein buffering systems are both amphoteric.

True

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate to settle an upset stomach risks:

metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory buffering is mostly dependent on changes in _____________ concentrations.

carbonic acid

Adding a weak acid to a strong base will usually result in _____________________.

a weak base and water

Match the following with ICF or ECF.

1. Cl-
   

2. 1/3rd of the body fluid
   

3. K+
   

4. Proteins
   

5. Na+
   

6. 2/3rd of the body fluid

1. ECF
   

2. ECF
   

3. ICF
   

4. ICF
   

5. ECF
   

6. ICF

Which of these statements about acids is true?

Bases make the pH of a solution get higher.

Hyperventilation leads to ___________.

respiratory alkalosis 

The principal cation in the extracellular fluid is ________.

sodium

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone _________________.

PTH

Aldosterone is associated with all the following, except ____________________.

helps decrease blood volume

Chloride (Cl^-) ________ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated _________ __________ our body’s cells

is; outside of

Sodium (Na⁺) ________ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated _________ __________ our body’s cells

is; outside of

Which of these statements about acids is true?

Acids make the pH of a solution get lower.

Match the symptoms with the patient pH imbalance

1. Respiratory alkalosis

2. Respiratory acidosis
   

3. Metabolic alkalosis
   

4. Metabolic acidosis

1. low carbon dioxide levels and normal bicarbonate
   

2. high carbon dioxide levels and normal bicarbonate
   

3. normal carbon dioxide levels and high bicarbonate
   

4. normal carbon dioxide levels and low bicarbonate

What does it mean that sodium is an electrolyte?

It helps to conduct electricity when it is dissolved in water.

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is called a(n) ____.

buffer

Potassium (K⁺) ________ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated _________ __________ our body’s cells

is; inside of

The principal anion(s) in the intracellular fluid is (are) _________.

proteins

Consuming a meal high in salt will ___________.

result in a temporary increase in blood volume 

Which buffering system is the fastest in adjusting pH?

Respiratory 

The intracellular and extracellular chemical buffer system is the ___________ buffer system.

protein

Suppose a patient has respiratory acidosis.

 

Before their body undergoes compensation to correct this condition, their bloodwork would show:

1. pH:

2. blood CO2:

3. plasma bicarbonate (HCO₃^-):

1. Low

2. High

3. Normal

All the following stimulate thirst, except ___________.

a decrease in osmolarity of the ECF 

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _________.

the kidneys

A patient presents in the emergency room after a panic attack (when she fainted).

 

Her breathing rate is still fast, and her blood work shows an elevated pH.

 

Based on this patient's symptoms, which kind of pH disorder does this patient have?

Respiratory alkalosis

Renal buffering is mostly dependent on changes in _____________ concentrations.

bicarbonate

Hyponatremia

is the abnormal decrease in blood sodium

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF 

Generally chemical buffer systems are less effective than respiratory and metabolic buffer systems.

True

Aldosterone is associated with all the following, except ____________________.

helps decrease blood volume

The ions in the highest concentration in the ECF are _________.

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate 

Select only that which is true about pH controls:

• Respiratory buffering occurs quicker but is not as effective as renal buffering.

• Renal (metabolic) buffering is mostly dependent on changes in bicarbonate (HCO₃) concentrations.

• Respiratory buffering is mostly dependent on changes in carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) concentrations.

• Renal (metabolic) buffering takes longer but is more effective than respiratory buffering.

Proteins are higher in intracellular fluid & plasma than in extracellular fluid.

True

ADH release is triggered by all the following, except ________________.

hypertension

ADH does all the following, except _______________.

is secreted by the adenohypophysis

Here is a list of five fluid compartments in the human body:

1. lymph, 2. blood plasma, 3. interstitial fluid, 4. serosal fluid, 5. cerebral spinal fluid

Place them in the order of highest volume to lowest.

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

A person with a pH of 7.65 would ___________________.

have alkalosis

A person with COPD will exhibit signs of ______.

chronic respiratory acidosis 

Which hormone(s) is(are) released by the heart muscle in response to excessive blood volume?

natriuretic peptides

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk of __________.

respiratory alkalosis

Adding a weak base to a strong acid will usually result in _________________.

a weak acid and salt

All the following are components of the ECF, except _______________.

macula densa

The exclusive extracellular chemical buffer system is the _______________ system

carbonic acid-bicarbonate

Select only the things that trigger renin release.

• sympathetic activation

• low plasma sodium

• low blood volume

• low blood pressure 

• reduced renal blood flow

Select only the correct statements concerning pH changes:

• Respiratory alkalosis is the result of hyperventilation.

• Respiratory acidosis is the result of hypoventilation.

• When carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed, blood pH falls.

• When carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is broken down, blood pH rises.

All the following stimulate thirst, except ____________________.

atrial natriuretic peptide

Hypoventilation leads to:

Respiratory acidosis

The release of ANP will cause the body to do all the following, except ______________________.

conserve sodium ions

Substances that can carry electrical currents across cell membranes are called ________.

electrolytes

Sever kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to ______________________.

metabolic acidosis

About two-thirds of the body fluid is in the _________.

ICF

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and lactic acids

The water retaining hormones are __________________.

ADH, Aldosterone & Angiotensin II

Red wine has a pH of 3.0. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

The principal anion(s) in the extracellular fluid is ________.

chloride

The chemical intracellular and urine buffer system is the ________________ buffer system. 

phosphate

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the __________.

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions 

Lemon juice has a pH of 2. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

ADH release is triggered by all the following, except _______________.

decreased aldosterone

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

Consequence of hyperventilation

All the following are true of ADH, except __________.

activates the RAA system 

Select the factors that stimulate aldosterone release:

• sympathetic activation

• Angiotensin II

• ACTH release

• high serum potassium 

Which chemical buffer system occurs in both ICF and ECF?

protein

Match the major ions found in the ICF or ECF.

1. Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4--)
   

2. Chlorine (Cl-)
   

3. Magnesium (Mg+)
   

4. Proteins
   

5. Calcium (Ca+)
   

6. Sodium (Na+)
   

7. Potassium (K+)

1. ICF
   

2. ECF
   

3. ICF
   

4. ICF
   

5. ICF
   

6. ECF
   

7. ICF

When an individual is experiencing water intoxication, the water in their cells move from ___________ into ____________

extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid (a.k.a. cytosol)

Hypernatremia

could result from too much aldosterone

Suppose a patient has respiratory alkalosis.

 

Before their body undergoes compensation to correct this condition, their bloodwork would show:

1. pH:

2. blood CO₂

3. plasma bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)

1. High
   

2. Low
   

3. Normal

Glucose ___________ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated ______________ our body's cells.

is NOT; inside of

When a person has edema, where is the excess body water located?

In interstitial fluid

Metabolic buffering would mostly depend on _______________ increases and decreases. 

bicarbonate

A patient presents in the emergency room with a low blood pH & high blood CO₂. A chest x-ray confirms that this patient has pneumonia.

 

Based on this patient's symptoms & diagnosis, which kind of pH disorder does this patient have?

Respiratory acidosis

The hormone that most strongly stimulates thirst is __________.

angiotensin II

What does it mean that lactic acid is an acid?

It releases H+ ions when it is dissolved in water.

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

aldosterone

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within ___________.

cells of the body 

When an individual is dehydrated, the water in their cells moves from _________ into ____________

intracellular fluid (cytosol); extracellular fluid

Which chemical buffer system is limited to the ICF and urine?

phosphate

Select only the things that trigger ADH release.

• decreased plasma volume

• increased osmolality

• increased sodium

• dehydration

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

Consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

ADH

Which of the following hormones does ANP inhibit?

All the above

Which of the following best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting 

Renin release is triggered by all the following, except

high plasma potassium

Select the appropriate hormone with the description.

1. Release is triggered by sympathetic nervous system activation
   

2. Release is triggered by high plasma potassium
   

3. Allows glomerular reabsorption of calcium
   

4. Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
   

5. Triggers the synthesis of aquaporin in collecting ducts

1. Renin
   

2. Aldosterone
   

3. PTH
   

4. ACE
   

5. ADH

ADH

stimulates water intake 

The majority of body fluids reside in the _______________. 

ICF

Which of the following best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic acidosis?

diabetes mellitus

Proteins are higher in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid or plasma.

False

If a person had a pH of 6.4 would

be dead

All are associated with secretion of potassium in the urine, except _________.

absence of aldosterone

The ions in highest concentration in the ICF are ____________.

proteins, potassium, and phosphate 

Select only the things that are true concerning pH:

• Acids release H⁺ ions when dissolved in water

• Normal pH balance is usually 1 part carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and 20 parts bicarbonate (HCO₃)

• Bases absorb H⁺ ions when dissolved in water

A patient presents in the emergency room with severe dehydration & very low blood pressure due to a recent bout of food poisoning.

 

Their breathing rate is elevated, and their blood work shows that their pH & bicarbonate levels (HCO₃^-) are both low.

 

Based on this patient's symptoms, which kind of pH disorder does this patient have?

Metabolic acidosis

Renin release is triggered by all the following, except ______________.

decreased blood osmolarity

Chemical buffers adjust high acidity by eliminating extra H+ ions from the body.

False