(CH 6) Energy and Enzymes and Electron Carriers- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Types of energy that is in the cell

• chemical energy

• ion gradients

• solar energy

Types of chemical energy

• ATP/GTP (nucelotides)

• NADH/FADH2

• other high energy molecules (organic molecules

Where does ATP have high energy bonds at?

between the P groups

• when P-P bonds are broken the energy released can be used in enzyme reactions

Redox Reactions

• Redox: Oxidation- Reduction Reactions

• Some molecules alternate between 2 forms

Reduced form- high energy 

Oxidation form- low energy form 

NADH vs NAD+

NADH

• high energy form 

• has accepted a pair of electrons

• NADH is the reduced form 

NAD+

• oxidized form

• low energy form

• has lost a pair of electrons

Redox Reaction

OIL RIG

• reduced loses e and becomes oxidized

• oxidized gains e and becomes reduced

ion gradient

• when the concentration of an ion is higher on one side of the membrane

• as ions flow across the membrane, down the energy gradient, energy is released

• moved to some other substance or makes ATP

Solar energy

• energy from the sunlight can be used for electron transport during photosynthesis

• sunlight → electron transport → H+ gradient → ATP+NADPH chemical energry

What makes the sugar in photosynthesis?

The Calvin Cycle

Types of energy:

• Solar energy

• Thermal energy

• mechanical energy

• kinetic energy

• chemical energy

• electrical/ ion gradient

• light

• heat

• mechanical energy

• movement

• chemical energy

1st Law of Thermodynamics

• energy cannot be created destroyed

• BUT energy can be converted from one type of energy to another type of energy

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• any energy transformation increases the disorder of a system

Entropy

measure of disorder or randomness