AP HUG Unit 2 Vocab Quiz 1

Population Distribution

The pattern of human settlement.

Population Density

Measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer (how crowded).

Midlatitudes

Area where most people live, between 30 and 60 degrees latitude north and south of the equator.

Social Stratification

Hierarchical division of people based on ethnicity, race, gender, financial status, etc.

Arithmetic Population Density

Population Density calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.

Physiological Population Density

Population density calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land in the region (farmable land).

Arable Land

Land suitable for growing crops.

Agricultural Population Density

Population density calculated by dividing the number of farmers by the amount of arable land.

Redistricting

Adjustments to political boundaries every ten years based on the U.S. census to maintain electoral district sizes.

Infrastructure

Systems, facilities, and structures that allow people to live and sustain themselves in an area.

Overpopulation

When a region has more people than it can sustain.

Carrying Capacity

Number of people a region can sustain without damaging the environment.

Population Pyramid

A graph providing information on death rates, birth rates, age groups, and economic development. The graph shows the statistics of the population as a whole.

Cohort

The vertical axis on a Population Pyramid, showing age groups.

Birth Deficit

Slowdown of births during war or significant events.

Baby Boom

Spike of births that often occurs after a Birth Deficit.

Baby Bust

Slight slowdown of births following the Baby Boom.

Echo

Another outburst of births reflecting the Baby Boom as boomers reach childbearing age.

Potential Workforce

Group expected to be the society’s workforce (usually ages 15-64).

Dependent Population

People under 15 and over 64 who cannot provide for themselves.

Dependency Ratio

Comparison between the Potential Workforce and the Dependent Population.

Demographic Balancing Equation

Equation used by demographers in order to describe the future population of a region of any scale:

Future population = Current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants).

Immigrants

People who moved into the country.

Emigrants

People who moved out of the country.

Crude Birth Rates (CBR)

Number of live births per year for each 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rates (TFR)

Number of children born per woman in a group, assuming all women live through child-bearing years (15-49).

Life Expectancy

Average number of years people are expected to live.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of children who die before their first birthday.

Crude Death Rates (CDR)

Number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, excluding migration.

Population Doubling Time

Time it takes for a population to double in size.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Shows 5 typical stages of population change as countries modernize.

Demographic Momentum

Concept that population continues to grow for some time despite declining fertility rates due to longer life expectancy.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Stages of disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop (extension of DTM).

Malthusian Theory

States that food production grows arithmetically while population grows exponentially, leading to famine.

Boserup Theory

Suggests that more people lead to more hands to work, rather than more mouths to feed, preventing starvation.

Neo-Malthusians

Supporters of the Malthusian Theory.

Pronatalist Policies

Programs designed to increase fertility rates.

Anti-natalist Policies

Programs designed to decrease fertility rates.