Cold War

5 features of cold war

• loans and aid

• space race

• arms raid

• propaganda

• spying

2 helsinki agreements

• agreement on borders

• sharing of scientific knowledge

how much did ussr spend on afghan war

18 billion russian rues between 1979-86

in 1980 how much better was the US economy

5x

spying - cold war

• increased rivalry

• military developments

what planes did americans use to spy and what was special

american U2 spy plane couldbt be shot down

how did USSR and USA utilise loans and aids

provided less developed countries with money which secured their support

How did USSR use propaganda example

olympics

space raid 1 first/second

1 - to launch a satellite

2 - man on moon

what was the arms race

competition in conventional weapons and nuclear weapons

war deterrent

1960 - arms race

both countries had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other multiple times

whats another name for the arms race

mutually assured destruction theory

2 consequences of fall of berlin wall

break up of eastern bloc

end of warsaw pact

USA and USSR relationship in 1941

wartime allies

USA and USSR relationships in 1945

the defeat of nazi germany meant tehy had no common ground so no common ground between them

what’s tehran

capital of iran

Whats the marriage of convenience and why did it exist

Britain, USA and USSR to try defeat nazi germany

where’s yalta

soviet resort on the black sea

where’s potsdam

suburb outside of berlin

when was the teheran conference

november 1943

what was discussed in tehran conference

• britain and usa opening a second front by invading france may 1944

• USSR ro wage war on japan when germany was defeated

• UN organisation to be set up after war

• area of eastern poland to be added to USSR

who was at teheran conference

roosevelt, churchill, stalin

when was the yalta conference

feb 1945

who was at the yalta conference

roosevelt churchill stalin

what was discussed at yalta conference

• USSR to enter war against japan once germany defeated

• germany and berlin divided into 4 sectors

• nazi war criminals to be hunted

• free elections for countries liberated from nazi occupation

• all 3 to join UN

• Eastern europe would be a soviet ‘sphere of influence

where were nazi war criminals tried (Yalta)

international court of justice

when was the potsdam conference

july 1945

who was at the potsdam conference

truman, Churchill/attlee, stalin

what was discussed at potsdam

• 4 Ds

• full participation in UN

• border for poland set

• germanys reparations to be set

what were the 4 Ds

• decentralisation - division of germany agreed

• demilitarisation - of germany

• democracy - reestablished through free elections and free press

• denazification - war criminals to be tried at nuremburg trials of 1946

why did stalin want poland

as a buffer zone

how do conferences build tensions

• leader change

• couldnt reach an agreement about germany

• germang wanted to permanently cripple germang truman refused

• differed in views on free elections in countries of eastern europe occupied by soviets

how did soviet troops cause more tension at potsdam

refusing to leave eastern europe and truman was already suspicious of stalin due to his dislike of free elections

what type of government did stalin set up in poland and did it increase tension

communist at yalta it was agreed that all countries to be allowed free elections so stalin directly broke this

which army expanded causing tension at potsdam

communist why do they want a bigger army

how did roosevelt being replaced by truman cause tension

truman didn’t trust stalin and wasn’t amicable with stalin like roosevelt which led to more disagreements

where and when did america test an atomic bomb how many did it kill

6th of august 1945 hiroshima and nagasaki 120K killed

why did american testing an atomic bomb cause tension

usa had more reason to distrust the USA as they were making developments in weapons and tech without sharing info so stalin took more land as a buffer zone

how did stalin have an advantage at potsdam

churchill was replaced by attlee so stalin was the only person at the first meeting stalin can take advantage of their lack of experience and attlee is less forward

how did eastern european countries feel about USSR between 1918-1939

hostile hungary and romania fought for germany

when was the bolshevik revolution

1917

what happened in the bolshevik revolution

killed monarchy

what was the % deal

an informal deal between stalin and churchill to decide who had influence where

when was % deal

1954

how was greece split (% deal)

90% GB 10% USSR

how was hungary split (% deal)

50/50

how was romania split (% deal)

90% USSR 10% others

why did USSR want influence in Eastern europe

provided them with security - 1945 stalin wanted to move the polish frontier so most of it was SU as poland acted as security for USSR

why did SU want a buffer and what did allied think

been invaded from west by germang twice in 1914 and 1941 wanted a soviet controlled buffer zone USA britain france thiught it was political but didn’t want war due to economic and people cost

when was the long telegram

1946

who wrote the long telegram

george kennan

who was george kennan

a diplomat and the USA’s deputy chief of mission

what did the long telegram say

thé SU were agressive and recommended firm action against the soviets expansion this influenced truman’s policies especially of containment

when was the novikov telegram

september 1946

who sent the novikov telegram

nikolai novikov (soviet ambassador to the usa)

what was the novikov telegram

a retaliation telegram

who was the novikov telegram sent to

stalin

what did stalin do as a result of novikov telegram

hardened stalins attitude and worsened relations

what did kennan say about USSR

usa should keep them as a rival

in what satillite states where coalition governments set up with communists sharing power with other parties

poland - 1945

romania - 1945

czechoslovakia

in which satillite states did communists take over civil service media security and defence

hungary (police)

czechoslovakia (police and armed forces)

in which satillite states were opposition leaders arrested or forced to flee

poland (milokajcyk fled)

hungary (imre nagy forced to resign)

czechoslovakia (parties banned, masaryk murdered)

romania (got rid of monarchy)

in which satillite states were elections fixed to allow communists to win

poland

bulgaria

czechoslovakia

importance of soviet expansion in eastern europe for the development of the cold war

caused writing of long telegram

satillite states frustrated usa with spread of communism

what did roosevelt and churchill agree eastern europe should - and why where later usa and britain shocked

‘soviet sphere of influence’ hasn’t expected such domination as they felt democratically elected governmenfs could exist

when was the iron curtain speech

march 1946

who made the iron curtain speech

churchill

where was the iron curtain speech made

fulton usa

what does the iron speech say

there’s an invisible line dividing the communist east from capitalist west and churchill suggested an alliance between usa and britain to prevent soviet expansion

consequences of iron curtain speech

stalin saw it as deliberately provocative and made both sides strengthen their forces

when was the truman doctrine

1947

what did the truman doctrine do

promised to help any country who felt threatened by communism by providing military assistance

what country did the usa provide for in truman doctrine and how many troops did they send

greece 40K

when was the marshall aid programme

june 1947

what did the marshall aid programme do

to help other countries recover so they didn’t need communism it was offered to all war torn european countrues

what did marshall aid program offer

money machinery food technology in exchange for them buying US food and allowing us companies to invest in their industries

what did stalin call marshall aid programme

dollar imperialism

how much money had american provided through marshall aid programme by 1953

13 million

what did stalin do to affirm satillite states (marshall aid)

not allow them to take it

explain why the USA adopted the policy of containment

• stop spread of communism into non communist countries as it appeared like stalin was aiming for global communism

• usa felt wanted to use their atomic bomb and superior economic strength to pressure USSR

importance of us policy on containment on international relations

• within a year of truman saying the worlds divided the berlin blockade happened

• marshall invited countries to meet together to decide how to use US aid 16 of these countries set up the organisation for european economic recovery (OEEC)

• ussr banning some from accepted created an economic divide

how and why did relations change between USA and USSR from 1943-47

• worsened as stalin accused USA of using marshall aid for selfish reasons

• after truman doctrine truman publically said world was divided into free capitalists and non free communists

• communist information bureau

• cominform

• comecon

when was cominform set up

1947

what’s the long name for cominform

communist information bureau

what was cominform a response to

truman doctrine

what is cominform

enabled ussr to coordinate communist parties throughout europe

conditions of cominform

• followed ussr aims in foreign policy

• introduced soviet style economic policies eg collectivism of agriculture and state control of industry

• used to purge members who disagreed with moscow

• moral support offered

• all had cominform office

when was comecon set up

1949

long name for comecon

council for mutual assistance

what was comecon in response to

marshall plan

what does comecon do

means ussr should financially support eastern europe

what did comecon do in reality

ussr could

• control economy’s

• give ussr access to their resources

• encourage economically specialisation within soviet bloc

examples of economic specialisation (comecon)

czechoslovakia and east germang were encouraged to concentrate on heavy industry

what happened in march 1948 with soviet representatives to worsen tensions

they walked out of the allied control commission complaining that western attitudes made it unworkable

why did stalin not want the westerns in berlin and why did they want to be there

stalin feared the affluent capitalist way of life would show to those in the east

the western countries wanted to be in berlin so they could observe soviet activity

what did communists try to do to secure communist control in berlin

tried to ensure that the minority communist group took control of eastern zone but socialist won

when was bizonia formed

january 1947

when did the western side introduce a new currency and what was it - what was the soviets retaliation currency

june 1948 deutschmark - ostmark

what did the west want to do to germang and what did the east want to do

west - build it up and support it

east - keep weak as a buffer

when did soviets search vehicles going into west berlin

april 1947