Physical Science Final Study Guide

Chemiluminescence

________: chemical reactions that give off energy in the form of light (bioluminescence is a type of this)

Incandescence

________: produce by objects that flow as a result of high temperature.

Frequency

________: the number of waves, or cycles that occur each second.

Sonography

________: uses ultrasound to create images of objects found inside other objects (what they use to see babies in the womb)

Subatomic particles

________ and sizes: electrons: much much smaller than protons and neutrons, protons: much larger than electrons ?, neturons: about the size of one proton and an electron.

Diffraction

________: the bending of waves around an obstacle or through an opening.

AC

________ current: changing or alternating of the direction of movement of the charge carriers.

Doppler

________ effect: the apparent change in frequency of a wave due to the motion of the source or the receiver.

Phosphorescence

________: like fluorescence, but slower.

Electromagnetic spectrum

________ from longest wavelength to shortest: radio, micro, visible light, infrared, uv, xray, gamma.

Gamma Decay

________: no change to composition in nucleus.

Right hand rule

________: f you point your pointer finger in the direction the positive charge is moving, and then your middle finger in the direction of the magnetic field, your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic force pushing on the moving charge.

Resistance

________: the property of matter indicating the degree to which the material slows down the flow of charge carriers.

Combustion

________: a fuel substance reacts with oxygen, x + o2 → co2 + h2o.

Electromagnetic properties

________: electric current in a wire creates a magnetic field, and vice versa.

Radioactivity

________: spontaneous emission of particles and energy from an atoms nucleus.

Voltage

________: the "force "that moves electric charge carriers through an electric current.

C

________= fλ: velocity for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum.

Octet rule

________: atoms are stable when they have 8 valence electrons in their valence shell.

Wave height

________: vertical distance between the trough and crest.

Electrical charge

________ depends on the movement of electrons.

Refraction

________: a change in wave direction due to a change in a waves speed as it enters a new medium.

Transparent

________: light can easily pass through.

Photon

________: massless particle, bundle of electromagnetic energy.

Crest

________: the highest point of each wave.

Subtractive colors

________ reflect light, the color we see depends on what wavelength of light it reflects.

Anions

________: ions with a negative charge.

movement of electric charge

Current: ________ through a complete loop.

Electrical insulators

________: a material through which charge flows poorly.

Wavelength

________: the length of a wave is the distance between two identical points on a successive wave.

Metallic bond

________: attraction between metal atoms and their sea of shared electrons.

Harmonic Motion

Simple ________: periodic motion that is caused by a restoring force that is proportional to its displacement.

radius

When the ________ is smaller, and the electrons are closer to the nucleus, the pull is stronger.

Chemical bond

________: an electrostatic attraction that forms between atoms when they share or transfer valence electrons, they bond to gain stability.

Fluorescence

________: a material gives off visible light after absorbing electromagnetic energy.

Electrical conductors

________: materials through which charge moves easily.

Isotope notation

________: massnumber /atomic number element name.

Electronegativity

________: the measure of an elements ability to attract and hold electrons when bonded to other atoms.

Synthesis reaction

________: two or more reactants combine to form a single product, x+ y →xy.

Luminous objects

________: those that can produce visible light.

Quantum Mechanical Model

________: most recent atomic model in which electrons are found in orbitals that are positioned around a nucleus that contains protons and (usually) neutrons.

Sound waves

________: a type of energy that can be transmitted as waves through a medium.

DC current

________: electricity can flow in one direction, batteries.

Isotopes

________: atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

FREQUENCY

________ AND WAVELENGTH ARE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL (as f goes up, w goes down)

Electromagnetic spectrum

________ from lowest to highest frequency: radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, xray, gamma.

Wave

disruption that carries energy from one location to another

Mechanical Wave

a wave that moves through a physical medium and carries energy by disrupting the matter of the medium

Electromagnetic Wave

disruptions in an electromagnetic field that can travel through the vacuum of space, without a physical medium

Simple Harmonic Motion

periodic motion that is caused by a restoring force that is proportional to its displacement

Transverse waves

waves in which the disruption moves perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

Longitudinal waves

when the disruption occurs parallel to the direction of wave movement

Surface waves

occur along the surface between two mediums, moves both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

Refraction

a change in wave direction due to a change in a waves speed as it enters a new medium

Reflection

bouncing of waves of waves off a surface

Diffraction

the bending of waves around an obstacle or through an opening

Doppler effect

the apparent change in frequency of a wave due to the motion of the source or the receiver

Sound waves

a type of energy that can be transmitted as waves through a medium

Variables that affect the speed of sound

1) density of air, 2) medium, 3) temperature

Sonography

uses ultrasound to create images of objects found inside other objects (what they use to see babies in the womb)

Period

the time interval for the motion to repeat

Frequency

the number of waves, or cycles that occur each second

Crest

the highest point of each wave

Trough

halfway point between two crests, lowest point of a wave

Wavelength

the length of a wave is the distance between two identical points on a successive wave

Wave height

vertical distance between the trough and crest

Static electricity

accumulated electric charge on an object

Current electricity

electricity involving moving electric charges

DC current

electricity can flow in one direction, batteries

AC current

changing or alternating of the direction of movement of the charge carriers

Electrical conductors

materials through which charge moves easily

Electrical insulators

a material through which charge flows poorly

Voltage

the "force" that moves electric charge carriers through an electric current

Resistance

the property of matter indicating the degree to which the material slows down the flow of charge carriers

Current

movement of electric charge through a complete loop

Factors that affect the resistance in a wire

temperature of a material, length of a wire, diameter of a wire, materials resistivity

Earths magnetic field is terrible (the summary)

The earths "Magnetic North Pole" is relatively close to its geo north pole but is TECHNICALLY a magnetic south pole

Electromagnetic properties

electric current in a wire creates a magnetic field, and vice versa

Right hand rule

f you point your pointer finger in the direction the positive charge is moving, and then your middle finger in the direction of the magnetic field, your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic force pushing on the moving charge

Electromagnetic waves/radiation

disruptions in an electromagnetic field that, unlike mechanical waves, can travel through the vacuum of space, carries energy

c=fλ

velocity for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum

E = hλ, h=plancks constant

states that energy is proportional to frequency

photon

massless particle, bundle of electromagnetic energy

wave-particle duality

electromagnetic energy travels as both waves and particles

Electromagnetic spectrum

the collection of all electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic spectrum from lowest to highest frequency

radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, xray, gamma

electromagnetic spectrum from longest wavelength to shortest

radio, micro, visible light, infrared, uv, xray, gamma

luminous objects

those that can produce visible light

Incandescence

produce by objects that flow as a result of high temperature

Fluorescence

a material gives off visible light after absorbing electromagnetic energy

Phosphorescence

like fluorescence, but slower

Chemiluminescence

chemical reactions that give off energy in the form of light (bioluminescence is a type of this)

Transparent

light can easily pass through

Translucent

light cannot easily pass through

Opaque

visible light cannot pass through

the luminous/additive (light) primary colors

red, blue, green

illuminated/subtractive primary colors

cyan, magenta, yellow

Quantum Mechanical Model

most recent atomic model in which electrons are found in orbitals that are positioned around a nucleus that contains protons and (usually) neutrons

Bohr model

distinct, spherical orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus, not random, only in distinct energy levels

Atomic number

amount of protons in an element