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What was the southern half of the island of Britain for four centuries?
A Celtic Province of the Roman Empire
How did Britain become a Celtic Province?
Due to the invasion of Emperor Claudius in 43CE and the departure of Roman legions, governors, and magistrates in 410 CE
Which regions were never conquered by the Romans?
Celtic regions of Caledonia (Scotland) and Hibernia (Ireland)
Where can the imprint of the Romans on the landscape still be found?
London; in the names of cities that were once Roman colonia or civitates; and in the roads connecting them that many modern roads still follow.
What name did the Romans give to the inhabitants of this province?
"the Britons"
What is derived form the term "the Britons?"
The modern identifier of the 'British' and the national icon of the goddess 'Britannia' and the unofficial 'British' national anthem of 'Rule Britannia'
When did rule form Rome in Britannia end?
410 CE
Why was the western empire disintegrating in 410 CE?
Successive claimants to the imperial throne in the West divided and weakened the imperial army allowing provincial elites, and 'barbarian' war-bands settled in the Empire, to form successor kingdoms; further undermining imperial authority.
Who was the chaotic time of 410 CE captured by and in what book?
the Welsh (British) monk, Gildas, in his book On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain.
The space formerly occupied by the Roman province would be divided into what?
Christian (British) Kingdoms
What would happen to the Christian Kingdoms?
Most would be conquered by the Angles and Saxons - mercenaries who rebelled, who were then assisted by the arrival of more 'Anglo-Saxon' war bands.
Anglo-Saxon or 'English' kingdoms would eventually what?
coalesce into 'England'
Who were the Anglo-Saxon's converted to Christianity by?
Missionaries from Ireland and Rome
What year was England a unified Anglo-Saxon Christian Kingdom, in which the Catholic Church was now a well-established institution?
1066
Who was elected King in 1066?
the 'English' Earl, Harold Godwinson, of the House of Wessex
Who challenged King Godwinson's succession?
by William, Duke of Normandy and Harold Hardrada, King of Norway.
When were the Vikings finally defeated?
The Battle of Stamford Bridge
What battle were the Normans victorious in?
The Battle of Hastings
By the reign of King Henry II (1152-1189) who ruled a vast Empire in France?
The Anglo-Norman Kings of England
How was the Lordship of the English Crown established over Ireland?
In 1171, Henry landed in force in Ireland to receive the submission of Anglo-Norman nobles settling in Ireland and the Irish Princes
What would have major repercussions in England?
The subsequent collapse of the Angevin Empire in France, under King John (1199-1216)
What became to Royal emblem of England?
The 'Three Lion's' or leopard's badge of Richard, 'The Lionheart', the Norman King of England (1189-1199), buried in France
Under who the Barons set another limit on Royal authority in England
Henry III
Barons set limits on Royal authority in England by
expanding both the membership of Parliament to include the ‘community of the realm’ and its remit
Looked to rebuild the authority of the crown in England by becoming “King of Britain”
Edward I
Imposed England’s authority over Wales
Edward I
Celebrates the defeat of Edward II of England by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314
Flower of Scotland
____ assembled in a Parliament determined to depose Edward II and transfer the Crown to his son, Edward III
Community of the realm
looked to rebuild Royal authority waging a ‘national’ war against France
Edward III
_____ was a war fought under a national flag and national saint – St George
Hundred Years War
_____ and _____ blended the rulers and ruled into the ‘English’ as Thomas Polton recognised in 1415
Victories at Crecy and Poitiers
Cromwell died in
1658
English Republic and the ‘British’ Commonwealth collapsed
1660
The monarchy was restored and ____ crowned King
Charles II
In ____, _____ was crowned in England as King
2024, Charles III
Greatest English victory of the war
Agincourt 1415
Agincourt 1415 won by
Henry V
focus of William Shakespeare’s history plays that created a new English national history
Lancastrians
Shakespeare plays during the reign of the Tudor Queen, ____
Elizabeth I
____ broke away from the Catholic church
Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy 1534
required everyone to swear an oath of loyalty to the new Church of England
Edward VI imposed the Protestant Book of
Common Prayer
Author of the Book of Common Prayer
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
Queen of Scots
Mary Stewart
In 1603 James VI of Scotland became
James I of England (union of two crowns)
Advantages of being an Emperor rather than a King
answerable only to God
free from the Magna Carta
free from the House of Commons
Civil war broke out in England
1641
what was the civil war between
Charles I and Parliament
English Parliament allied with the Scottish Presbyterians, and they defeated the King in
1644
England’s Parliamentary armies were replaced by a Puritan ____
New Model Army
led the new British Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell’s title
Lord protector
