Booklet 1

What was the southern half of the island of Britain for four centuries?

A Celtic Province of the Roman Empire

How did Britain become a Celtic Province?

Due to the invasion of Emperor Claudius in 43CE and the departure of Roman legions, governors, and magistrates in 410 CE

Which regions were never conquered by the Romans?

Celtic regions of Caledonia (Scotland) and Hibernia (Ireland)

Where can the imprint of the Romans on the landscape still be found?

London; in the names of cities that were once Roman colonia or civitates; and in the roads connecting them that many modern roads still follow.

What name did the Romans give to the inhabitants of this province?

"the Britons"

What is derived form the term "the Britons?"

The modern identifier of the 'British' and the national icon of the goddess 'Britannia' and the unofficial 'British' national anthem of 'Rule Britannia'

When did rule form Rome in Britannia end?

410 CE

Why was the western empire disintegrating in 410 CE?

Successive claimants to the imperial throne in the West divided and weakened the imperial army allowing provincial elites, and 'barbarian' war-bands settled in the Empire, to form successor kingdoms; further undermining imperial authority.

Who was the chaotic time of 410 CE captured by and in what book?

the Welsh (British) monk, Gildas, in his book On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain.

The space formerly occupied by the Roman province would be divided into what?

Christian (British) Kingdoms

What would happen to the Christian Kingdoms?

Most would be conquered by the Angles and Saxons - mercenaries who rebelled, who were then assisted by the arrival of more 'Anglo-Saxon' war bands.

Anglo-Saxon or 'English' kingdoms would eventually what?

coalesce into 'England'

Who were the Anglo-Saxon's converted to Christianity by?

Missionaries from Ireland and Rome

What year was England a unified Anglo-Saxon Christian Kingdom, in which the Catholic Church was now a well-established institution?

1066

Who was elected King in 1066?

the 'English' Earl, Harold Godwinson, of the House of Wessex

Who challenged King Godwinson's succession?

by William, Duke of Normandy and Harold Hardrada, King of Norway.

When were the Vikings finally defeated?

The Battle of Stamford Bridge

What battle were the Normans victorious in?

The Battle of Hastings

By the reign of King Henry II (1152-1189) who ruled a vast Empire in France?

The Anglo-Norman Kings of England

How was the Lordship of the English Crown established over Ireland?

In 1171, Henry landed in force in Ireland to receive the submission of Anglo-Norman nobles settling in Ireland and the Irish Princes

What would have major repercussions in England?

The subsequent collapse of the Angevin Empire in France, under King John (1199-1216)

What became to Royal emblem of England?

The 'Three Lion's' or leopard's badge of Richard, 'The Lionheart', the Norman King of England (1189-1199), buried in France

Under who the Barons set another limit on Royal authority in England

Henry III

Barons set limits on Royal authority in England by

expanding both the membership of Parliament to include the ‘community of the realm’ and its remit

Looked to rebuild the authority of the crown in England by becoming “King of Britain”

Edward I

Imposed England’s authority over Wales

Edward I

Celebrates the defeat of Edward II of England by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314

Flower of Scotland

____ assembled in a Parliament determined to depose Edward II and transfer the Crown to his son, Edward III

Community of the realm

looked to rebuild Royal authority waging a ‘national’ war against France

Edward III

_____ was a war fought under a national flag and national saint – St George

Hundred Years War

_____ and _____ blended the rulers and ruled into the ‘English’ as Thomas Polton recognised in 1415

Victories at Crecy and Poitiers

Cromwell died in

1658

English Republic and the ‘British’ Commonwealth collapsed

1660

The monarchy was restored and ____ crowned King

Charles II

In ____, _____ was crowned in England as King

2024, Charles III

Greatest English victory of the war

Agincourt 1415

Agincourt 1415 won by

Henry V

focus of William Shakespeare’s history plays that created a new English national history

Lancastrians

Shakespeare plays during the reign of the Tudor Queen, ____

Elizabeth I

____ broke away from the Catholic church

Henry VIII

Act of Supremacy 1534

required everyone to swear an oath of loyalty to the new Church of England

Edward VI imposed the Protestant Book of

Common Prayer

Author of the Book of Common Prayer

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

Queen of Scots

Mary Stewart

In 1603 James VI of Scotland became

James I of England (union of two crowns)

Advantages of being an Emperor rather than a King

• answerable only to God

• free from the Magna Carta

• free from the House of Commons

Civil war broke out in England

1641

what was the civil war between

Charles I and Parliament

English Parliament allied with the Scottish Presbyterians, and they defeated the King in

1644

England’s Parliamentary armies were replaced by a Puritan ____

New Model Army

led the new British Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell’s title

Lord protector