BY 124L Topic 4: Animal Tissues

What are the two components of blood?

cellular and liquid

What component of blood is present in the largest amount?

liquid (plasma)

What does plasma contain?

dissolved substances

What are the three cellular components of blood?

erythrocytes (red), leukocytes (white), platelets

What is the most numerous type of cell in the blood?

erthrocytes

Maturity, mammals lack the nuclei and _________________ in their cells; once the nuclei is disintegrated, that is where they become ___________. What does this mean for their life span (red blood cells)?

mitochondria, bi-concave, is only for a few weeks

What is less than normal levels of red blood cells that result in a lack of oxygen?

anemia

Large amount of surface area of erythrocytes allows for more of what?

gas exchange

Binding of oxygen to the hemoglobin is what? (erythrocytes)

REVERSIBLE

Oxygen is bound to the cell at the ________, and then released into tissues (erythrocytes)

lungs

CO2 is carried as __________ ________, its ions, salts, or even binds to hemogloblin (erythrocytes)

Carbonic Acid

What type of movement are leukocytes (white blood cells) capable of?

amoeboid

What is amoeboid movement?

Squeezing between capillary walls and wandering tissues

What are the two group leukocytes are separated into based on histology?

granulocytes and argranulocytes

What are the three types of granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

monocytes and lymphocytes (no granules)

What is the most common white blood cell?

neutrophils (granulocytes)

What are neutrophils (3 characteristics)?

nucleus is 3-5 lobes with dark purple coloration; cytoplasm is faintly granular and is light purple; active in phagocytosis (engulfing of foreign material)

What are eosinophils (4 characteristics)? granulocytes

2-5% of all leukocytes; nucleus is bilobed and dark purple; cytoplasm stains red (UNIQUE); To fight parasitic worms: phagocytosis and allergic reactions

What is the rarest of all leukocytes?

basophils (granulocytes)

What are basophils (3 characteristics)? granulocyte

nucleus is an "S" shape with dark purple staining; cytoplasm stain dark purple, hard to distinguish from nucleus and cytoplasm; allergic reactions by releasing histamine of the granules

When you have an allergic reaction what does your body do?

activate certain antibodies that will respond to the allergen

What is an allergic reaction the same as?

This is the SAME response your body would have had if we were surrounded by parasites in our environment

What is the largest of all leukocytes?

monocytes (agranulocytes)

What are monocytes (4 characteristics)?

3-5% of all leukocytes; Nucleus is horseshoe or crescent shaped and stained dark purple; cytoplasm stains light purple; transform into wandering macrophages

What are the smallest of all leukocytes?

lymphocytes (agranulocytes)

What are lymphocytes (4 characteristics)?

20-25%of all leukocytes; nucleus is spherical that stain dark purple; cytoplasm is thin and stains light purple; these are your "memory" immunity response

What are platelets (3 characteristics)?

Cell fragments; also called thrombocytes, but this isn't very accurate; Help protects the body from excessive blood

loss; Clots

Why is it inaccurate to call platelets thrombocytes?

"Cyte" ending implies a cell, but platelets are FRAGMENTS, not whole cells

Sickle cell is a genetic disorder that causes deformed blood cells, causes them to not hold oxygen, what does this disorder make people immune to?

malariae

lymphocytic leukemia - what happens?

attacks the blood and the body, the lymphocytes engulf the blood cells of the body

What is the order of structures, from smallest to largest of cells to organism?

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are tissues comprised of?

cells that have a certain size, shape, and arrangement (they must work with each other to make a tissue "work")

Cells recognize each other by the ___________ ____________ and ______________ markers on a cell membrane

extracellular matrix and carbohydrate

What are fibroblasts? What is the matrix mostly?

(from connective tissue) secrete this extracellular matrix, glycoporteins

What are the three types ofc cell-to-cell communication?

desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

What are desmosomes?

Found in sheets of tissue that are subject to severe stress (heart muscle); button-like welds that join opposing cell membranes

What do the button-like welds on desmosomes allow them to do? (3 things)

Allow substances to pass through intracellular space; have intercellular proteins that attach both cell membranes; intermediate filaments (made from keratin) reinforce the connection

What does intracellular space mean?

inside the cell

What does intercellular space mean?

in between the cells

In desmosomes, the intermediate filaments reinforce the connection, do this junction maintain shape/"go back to form" when stretched or compressed?

yes, they hold when stretched or compressed (like heart)

What are two characteristics of tight junctions?

Found in epithelial layers that separate two kinds of solutions (Blood and Intestinal fluids); Intercellular junctions which are tight enough to block transport of substances

(Specialized membrane proteins bond cells tightly)

What are two characteristics of gap junctions?

Found in areas that require rapid communication (Heart); Channels or pores pierce membranes of two cells across the intracellular space (Electrical communication, flow of ions, and small molecules)

What are the four general groups of tissues?

Epithelial (lines and covers), Connective (binds other tissue together), Muscular (movement), Nervous (impulses and stimuli response)

What is epithelial tissue? (overall general characteristic)

tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer or sheet, avascular (no blood supply - everything is from the connective tissue)

What are the four functions/examples of epithelial tissue?

Covers the body surface and cavity linings; Tight Junctions; Function in protection, secretion, and sensation; Anything leaves/enters the body

What are the three "layers" of epithelial tissue?

outer surface, inner surface, basement membrane

What is the outer surface of epithelial tissue?

is exposed to air or fluid

What is the inner surface of epithelial tissue?

is anchored by connective tissue, A thin non-cellular layer (extracellular matrix of

collagen fibers) creates this anchor (basement membrane)

What is the basement membrane?

not static (changing), organizes metabolic events

Where are the six places that epithelial tissue can be found?

Outer layer of skin; Lining of digestive tract/ windpipes and lungs/ kidney tubules/ urinary tract/ vagina and anus

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What is squamous epithelium? (simple)

flattened cells, pancake shaped, outer layer of skin

What is cuboidal epithelium? (simple)

dice-shaped cells, kidney tubules, thyroid, thymus

What is columnar epithelium?

Important in active absorption, Cilia or Microvilli on the luminal side, Basal side has the nucleus near it

What are the three parts tot he full name of epithelial tissue?

shape, position, epithelial

Epithelial tissues can be further described by ____________ (named by the outermost layer)?

arrangement

What are the two types of epithelial tissue based on arrangement of the outer layer?

simple and stratified

What is simple epithelium?

a layer that is one cell thick, very "leaky" and great for diffusion

What is stratified epithelium?

several layer of stacked cells (areas that are subject to abrasion)

What are the two types of stratified epithelium?

keratinized and non-keratinized

What does keratinized stratified epithelium tissue mean?

"waterproofing" to the tissue, resistant to friction, and resistant to bacterial infection (skin)

What does non-keratinized stratified epithelium tissue mean?

Areas that stay moist, but are subject to wear-and-tear (anus, vagina, mouth, esophagus)

Simple can be paired with columnar or cuboidal, what are two examples of this?

Simple columnar epithelium- Intestinal lining (mucosa layer); Simple cuboidal epithelium- Secretion (thyroid gland)

Stratified can be paired with cuboidal, what is an example of this?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium- Areas of sweat glands

There can be tissue that looks stratified but is NOT, what is this called and what is an example of this?

pseudostratified, Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium

Some epithelial cells are specialized, what is this specialized epithelium tissue called and what can it do?

Glandular Epithelium- Secretion of substances (milk, sweat, wax, mucous)

What are the three types of glandular epithelium?

goblet cells, exocrine glands, endocrine glands

What are goblet cells?

Secrete mucous to lubricate food through the intestines

What are Exocrine Glands?

Glands that secrete their products in the ducts

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that secrete their products into the blood stream (DUCTLESS)

What are some characteristics (4) of connective tissue?

To bind and support other cells of the body, these tissues secrete a matrix, each type is based on the extracellular matrix, matrix contains three types of fibers

What are some examples of connective tissue?

Bone, adipose, tendon, ligaments, cartilage, and blood

What are the three types of extracellular matrix for connective tissues?

liquid, solid, or semi-liquid

What are the three different types of fibers in the matrix of connective tissues?

collagen, elastic, reticular

What is collagen fibers?

made from the protein collagen; Whitish appearance, not elastic, and does not tear easily when pulled

What are elastic fibers?

made from the protein elastin; Rubbery, complement collagen; Yellowish appearance, "rubber band" properties

What are reticular fibers?

made of collagen and attach to collagen; Thin and branched, connecting adjacent tissue to the connective tissue

What are the four types of connective tissue?

loose (areolar), adipose (fat), fibrous/dense, and cartilage

What is loose (areolar) connective tissue?

Very thin, delicate; Holds organs into place, binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue; All 3 fiber types; Fibroblasts and Macrophages are found here (Fibroblasts secrets the proteins into the extracellular matrix)

What is adipose (fat) connective tissue?

Specialized type of loose connective tissue which the adipocytes (fat cells) enlarge and store lipids; Insulates, pads/cushions, and nutrient storage

What is fibrous/dense connective tissue?

The matrix is a thick, interlacing network of parallel collagen fibers; two types: regular and irregular

What is regular dense connective tissue?

No space, tightly packed; Tendons and Ligaments fall here

What is irregular dense connective tissue?

Fibers are interwoven bundles with a little more space than regular; Dermis layer of the skin

What is cartilage connective tissue?

very dense, collagen fibers; Embedded in a rubbery matrix called Chondroitin Sulfate; Forms skeletal support, and grows with the organism

What is Chondroitin Sulfate?

Secreted by the Chondrocytes; Found in small chambers of the ground substances called Lacuna; Also secrete collagen

What is cartilage connective tissue eventually replaced by? What are the three animals that are the exceptions?

Eventually replaced by bone through maturity; sharks, rays, and skates,

What are the three types of cartilage connective tissue?

elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage

What is elastic cartilage?

High numbers of elastic fibers (Ears and esophagus)

What is hyaline cartilage?

Lack of elastin fibers, More rigid support (trachea and rib tips)

What is fibrocartilage?

Scattering of chondrocytes throughout collagenous fibers; "Wavy" appearance, arranged in rows; Inter-vertebral discs

Bone is a connective tissue, what are some characteristics of it? (5 things)

Mineralized connective tissue; Hard, rigid matrix; Osteoblasts; calcium and collagen; Haversian canals

What does the hard, rigid matrix of bone secrete?

calcified matrix for rest of the life

What are osteoblasts?

Build bone tissue, and lay down deposits of calcium phosphate and collagen

What does calcium and collagen do for bone?

calcium keeps bones hard, collagen keeps it from being too brittle (not as solid as they appear)

What are Haversian Canals?

Channels containing blood vessels and nerves throughout the bone

What is concentrically around Haversian Canals?

lamella

What is the collective term for the Haversian canals and their lamella?

Osteon

What is osteon?

compact bone, can be spongy bone is there is a lack of true osteons but trabeculae are present

What is spongy bone?

Irregular latticework of thin plates of bone, In between the Trabeculae is the bone marrow (Erythrocytes are produced here)