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Key Terms and People To know
Canadian Shield
A zone underground by ancient rock that rolls above sea level: probably the first
Incas
Located in Peru; was one of the largest Native colonies
Aztecs
Modern-day Mexico one of the major native colonies before Columbus
Nation States
A small City that surrounds land that is an independent political unit
Cahokia
Was the largest city in America before Columbus came
Three Sister Farming:
the action of planting corn squash and beans together
Middleman
People that helped Men Travel Goods from the Middle East to Europe; charged money
Caravel
Small ship that allowed Europeans to explore the coasts of Africa
Plantation
System based large-scale commercial agriculture
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of different goods/crops between Europe and Americas; Tobacco, Potato, Corn, Wheat, Diseases
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement in between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands. 1492, spain and Portugal driving the new world based on Columbus findings
Encomienda
Spanish policy that gave natives to Spanish colonists in return to Christianize them
Noche Triste (Sad night)
June 30th 1520, night in which the Aztecs attacked the Spanish in Tennessee which resulted in bloody War
Capitalism
Economic system that helped transform the world economy, foundation for the modern banking system
Mestizos
Ethnicity that is made up of half Spanish indigenous
Conquistadores
Group of Spanish adventures who explored the Americas
Battle of Acoma
Battle in 1599 between Spanish and the natives in Rio Grande Valley and Spanish won the current New Mexico
Popes Rebellion
1680; the Roman Catholic Church suppress native religious customs which provoked Indian uprising
Black Legend
Spanish misdeeds that allowed conquerors to kill and torture in the name of Christ
Ferdinand of Aragon
King of Spain who funded Columbus's voyage; Reconquista expelled Muslim and Jews
Isabella of Castile
Queen of Spain who also found a Columbus voyage
Christopher Columbus
Spanish explorer (1451 - 1506), funded by the Spanish Crown used three Caravel and sailed towards “India” founding the new world
Francisco Coronado
Spanish explorer (1510 to 1554), who searched for the Seven Cities of Gold mythical export American southwest Arizona Texas Kansas brought horses to Great Plains
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador (1478 to 1541), who conquered Lincoln Empire Peru executed last Inca emperor (Atahualpa) secured Silver Mines
Hernan Cortez
Spanish monk (1485 - 1547), missionary who spoke against the treatment of natives wrote to King
Malinche (Dona Marina)
Interpreter an advisor for Hernan Cortez during the conquest for Aztec empire; crucial fall for it
Mokitazuma
Last ruler of the Aztec Empire (1466 - 1520) before Spanish quest, initially welcomed to Cortez but later got killed by him
Giovanni Capoto (John Cabot)
Italian explorer for England who's explored in North America in 1497 claimed parts of Canada
Robert De Lasalle
French explorer who traveled down the Mississippi River and claimed land for France Louisiana
Father Junipero Serra
Spanish missionary (1713 - 1784), who was the first missionary to convert Native Americans to Christianity and make them Spanish Society
Protestants Reformation
16th century religious movements that challenged the Catholic church and led to Protestantism Catholic Vs Protestant Nations
Roanoke Island
England's first attempt to Colony in the New World mysteriously disappeared being called “The Lost Colony”
Spanish Armada
Both sent by Spain to conquer England defeated by the English Navy which led to the decline of Spain Opening way for English colonization
Primogeniture
A law in England that says that inheritance will mostly go to the first child
Joint Stock Company:
Short-term partnership among investors in England to establish colonies in America
Virginia Company:
1618, Introduced the system that attracted new settlers to the New World created by tobacco emergency address by labor shortage
Charter
A legal document granted by the British crown to a company or group of individuals, allowing them to establish a colony in the New World,
Jamestown
Founded by a joint stock company the first permanent English settlement in North America Virginia in 1607
First Anglo-power Town War
Conflict between English settlers and Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy ended by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Final attempt by Powhatan people to drive out the English resulted in new destruction of the Powhatan and English
House of Burgesses
First or representative assembly in the American colonies established in Virginia to create local law
Act of Toleration
Is a 1649 law passed in Maryland, granting religious freedom to all Christians but imposing the death penalty to those who denied Christianity
Barbados slave code:
A harsh 1661 law that defines status of enslaved people in the Caribbean giving owners absolute control which later influence the American laws
Squatters
Settlers who lived on land without legal title
Iroquios Confederacy
Alliance of six native tribes which had a key role in the colonial politics and warfare
Tuscarora War
Conflict between North Carolina where Europeans settlers natives defeated Tuscarora
Yamasee Indians
Native tribe in South Carolina that fought English colonists but was defeated
Buffer
Term describing a colony Georgia that served as a protective zone between British and Spanish/natives
Henry VIII
King of England who broke from Catholic church and established church of England which led to the English Reformation
Elizabeth I
queen of England who promoted protestantism encouraged English colonization of the Americas
Sir Francis Drake
English privates here who rated Spanish ships and traveled the globe
Sir Walter Raleigh
an English explorer who was sponsored the failed Roanoke colony
James the first
king of England who granted the Virginia Company but later revoked the charter
Captain John Smith
leader of Jamestown who helped Colony Survive by reinforcing discipline and negotiating with Powhatan
Powhatan
powerful chief of Palatine Confederacy allied with English then later fought Jamestown settlers
Pocahontas
daughter of Powhatan who married John Ralph helping ease tensions between English and Native Americans
Lord De la warr
Governor Jamestown who implemented aggressive military actions against Powhatan
John Rolfe
Jamestown settler who introduced tobacco as a cash crop and married Pocahontas
Lord Baltimore
founded Maryland as a heaven for Catholics
Oliver Cromwell
leader of England after the English Civil War briefly overthrowing the monarchy
James Oglethorpe
founder of Georgia established as a refuge for debtors and buffer against Spanish Florida
Hiawatha
legendary founder of Iroquois Confederacy who helped Unite the five nations
Calvinism
theological principles based on the ideas of John Calvin emphasizing sovereignty of God predestination and Grace in salvation
Predestination
the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved or Damned
Conversion
the process of becoming a member of a religious group spiritual salvation
Puritans
English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England and established colonies
Separatists
a radical branch of Puritans who wants to separate from the church of England such as the pilgrims
Mayflower Compact
a charter in 1620 signed by the pilgrims to establish self-government in Plymouth Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A Puritan Colony founded in the 1630 by John Winthrop a theocratic government
Great English migration
a movement from 1629 to 1640 to a Puritans to New England
Antinomatism
belief that Christians are bound by traditional laws by Anne Hutchinson
Fundamental Ordees
the first written constitution in America adopted by colonized
Pequot War
conflict between pickled tribe and English settlers resulting in destruction of the tribe
King Philip's War
war led by King Philip between Native Americans and English settlers
New England
a region consisting of colonies of Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island Etc
Confederation
a military Alliance of English colonists for defense
English Civil War
conflict between monarchy and Parliament resulting in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy
Dominion of New England
combining several New England colonies under British control LED by Sir Edmund Andros
navigation laws
British laws to regulate colonial trade and benefit England
Glorious Revolution
overthrow of King James II of England replaced by William II and Mary ll
salutary neglect
A British policy of minimal interference in colonial Affairs in the 17th & 18th century
Patron ships
large land grants and the Netherlands given to Dutch settlers
Quakers
religious groups emphasizing quality pacifism and religious freedom in Pennsylvania
blue laws
Puritan laws and New England that regulated moral and religious Behavior
Charles II
King of England restore to the throne after the English Civil War
Martin Luther
German theologist who started the Protestant Reformation
Sir Edmund Andros
Royal government of dominion of England
John Calvin
Protestant reformer whose ideas of predestination influence Puritans
William Bradford
governor of Plymouth Colony leader of pilgrims
William III
King of England ascended after the Glorious Revolution
Mary the second
co-ruled with her husband William lll after the Glorious Revolution
John Winthrop
first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony envisioned its as a city upon a hill”
Henry Hudson
English explorer who sailed for Dutch and explore the Hudson River Paving for Dutch colonization
Roger Williams
founder of Rhode Island advocated for Religious Freedom and separates of the church and state
Peter stuyvestant
Dutch governor of New Netherland whose rule ended when the British took over
Massasoit
wampanoag leader who formed an alliance with the pilgrims at Plymouth
Duke of York
James II who took control of New Netherlands in 1644 and renamed in New York City
metacom( King Philip)
wampanoag leader who led King Philip's War against the English in 1675
William Penn Quaker
founder of Pennsylvania established it as a religious Haven and a model of democratic government
indentured servants
a person working for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies
