APUSH ~ Period 1 - Period 3

Key Terms and People To know

Canadian Shield

A zone underground by ancient rock that rolls above sea level: probably the first

Incas 

Located in Peru; was one of the largest Native colonies

Aztecs

Modern-day Mexico one of the major native colonies before Columbus

Nation States

A small City that surrounds land that is an independent political unit

Cahokia

Was the largest city in America before Columbus came

 Three Sister Farming:

the action of planting corn squash and beans together

 Middleman

People that helped Men Travel Goods from the Middle East to Europe; charged money

 Caravel

Small ship that allowed Europeans to explore the coasts of Africa

Plantation

System based large-scale commercial agriculture

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of different goods/crops between Europe and Americas; Tobacco, Potato, Corn, Wheat, Diseases

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement in between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands. 1492,  spain and Portugal driving the new world based on Columbus findings

Encomienda

Spanish policy that gave natives to Spanish colonists in return to Christianize them

Noche Triste (Sad night)

June 30th 1520, night in which the Aztecs attacked the Spanish in Tennessee  which resulted in bloody War 

Capitalism 

Economic system that helped transform the world economy, foundation for the modern banking system

Mestizos

Ethnicity that is made up of half Spanish indigenous

Conquistadores

Group of Spanish adventures who explored the Americas

Battle of Acoma

Battle in 1599 between Spanish and the natives in Rio Grande Valley and Spanish won the  current New Mexico

Popes Rebellion

1680; the Roman Catholic Church suppress native religious customs which provoked Indian uprising

Black Legend

Spanish misdeeds that allowed conquerors to kill and torture in the name of Christ

Ferdinand of Aragon

King of Spain who funded Columbus's voyage; Reconquista expelled Muslim and Jews

Isabella of Castile

Queen of Spain who also found a Columbus voyage 

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer (1451 - 1506), funded by the Spanish Crown used three Caravel and sailed towards “India” founding the new world 

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer (1510 to 1554), who searched for the Seven Cities of Gold mythical export American southwest Arizona Texas Kansas brought horses to Great Plains

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador (1478 to 1541), who conquered Lincoln Empire Peru executed last Inca emperor (Atahualpa) secured Silver Mines

Hernan Cortez

Spanish monk (1485 - 1547), missionary who spoke against the treatment of natives  wrote to King

Malinche (Dona Marina)

Interpreter an advisor for Hernan Cortez during the conquest for Aztec empire; crucial fall for it

Mokitazuma

Last ruler of the Aztec Empire (1466 - 1520) before Spanish quest, initially welcomed to Cortez but later got killed by him

Giovanni Capoto (John Cabot)

Italian explorer for England who's explored in North America in 1497 claimed parts of Canada

Robert De Lasalle

French explorer who traveled down the Mississippi River and claimed land for France Louisiana

 Father Junipero Serra

Spanish missionary (1713 - 1784), who was the first missionary to convert Native Americans to Christianity and make them Spanish Society

Protestants Reformation

16th century religious movements that challenged the Catholic church and led to Protestantism Catholic Vs Protestant Nations

 Roanoke Island

England's first attempt to Colony in the New World mysteriously  disappeared being called “The Lost Colony”

 Spanish Armada

Both sent by Spain to conquer England defeated by the English Navy which led to the decline of Spain Opening way for English colonization

 Primogeniture

A law in England that says that inheritance will mostly go to the first child

Joint Stock Company:

Short-term partnership among investors in England to establish colonies in America

Virginia Company:

1618, Introduced the system that attracted new settlers to the New World created by tobacco emergency address by labor shortage

Charter

A legal document granted by the British crown to a company or group of individuals, allowing them to establish a colony in the New World,

Jamestown

Founded by a joint stock company the first permanent English settlement in North America Virginia in 1607

 First Anglo-power Town War

Conflict between English settlers and Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy ended by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Final attempt by Powhatan people to  drive out the English resulted in new destruction of the  Powhatan  and English

House of Burgesses

First or representative assembly in the American colonies established in Virginia to create local law

Act of Toleration

Is a 1649 law passed in Maryland, granting religious freedom to all Christians but imposing the death penalty to those who denied Christianity

 Barbados slave code:

A harsh 1661 law that defines status of enslaved people in the Caribbean giving owners absolute control which later influence the American laws

 Squatters

Settlers who lived on land without legal title

Iroquios Confederacy

Alliance of six native tribes which had a key role in the colonial politics and warfare

Tuscarora War

Conflict between North Carolina where Europeans settlers natives defeated Tuscarora

Yamasee Indians

Native tribe in South Carolina that fought English colonists but was defeated

Buffer

Term describing a colony Georgia that served as a protective zone between British and Spanish/natives

 Henry VIII 

King of England who broke from Catholic church and established church of England which led to the English Reformation

Elizabeth I 

queen of England who  promoted protestantism encouraged English colonization of the Americas

Sir Francis Drake 

English privates here who rated Spanish ships and traveled the globe

Sir Walter Raleigh 

an English explorer who was sponsored the failed Roanoke colony

  James the first 

king of England who granted the Virginia Company but later revoked the charter

 Captain John Smith 

leader of Jamestown who helped Colony Survive by reinforcing discipline and negotiating  with Powhatan 

 Powhatan 

powerful chief of Palatine Confederacy  allied with English then later fought Jamestown settlers

 Pocahontas 

daughter of Powhatan who married John Ralph helping ease tensions between English and Native Americans

 Lord De la warr 

Governor Jamestown who implemented aggressive military actions against Powhatan

John Rolfe 

Jamestown settler who introduced tobacco as a cash crop and married Pocahontas

Lord Baltimore 

founded Maryland as a heaven for Catholics

Oliver Cromwell 

leader of England after the English Civil War briefly overthrowing the monarchy

 James  Oglethorpe 

founder of Georgia established as a refuge  for debtors and buffer against Spanish Florida

 Hiawatha 

legendary founder of Iroquois Confederacy who helped  Unite the five nations

 Calvinism 

theological principles based on the ideas of John Calvin emphasizing sovereignty of God predestination and Grace in salvation

Predestination 

the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved or Damned

Conversion 

the process of becoming a member of a religious group spiritual salvation

 Puritans 

English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England and established colonies

 Separatists 

a radical branch of Puritans who wants to separate from the church of England such as the pilgrims

 Mayflower Compact 

a charter in 1620 signed by  the pilgrims to establish self-government in Plymouth Colony

 Massachusetts Bay Colony 

A Puritan Colony founded in the 1630 by John Winthrop a theocratic government

Great English migration 

a movement from 1629 to 1640 to a Puritans to New England

Antinomatism 

belief that Christians are bound by traditional laws by Anne Hutchinson

Fundamental Ordees 

the first written constitution in America adopted by colonized

  Pequot War 

conflict between pickled tribe and English settlers  resulting in destruction of the tribe

King Philip's War

war  led by King Philip between Native Americans  and English settlers

 New England

a region consisting of colonies of Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island Etc

Confederation

a military Alliance of English colonists for defense

 English Civil War

conflict between monarchy and Parliament resulting in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy

Dominion of New England

combining several New England colonies under British control LED by Sir Edmund Andros

 navigation laws

British laws to regulate colonial trade and benefit England

Glorious Revolution

overthrow of King James II of England replaced by William II and Mary ll 

salutary neglect

A British policy of minimal interference in colonial Affairs in the 17th & 18th century

Patron ships

large land grants and the Netherlands given to Dutch settlers

 Quakers

religious groups emphasizing quality pacifism and religious freedom in Pennsylvania

 blue laws

Puritan laws and New England that regulated moral and religious Behavior

Charles II

King of England restore to the throne after the English Civil War

 Martin Luther

German theologist who started the Protestant  Reformation

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal government of dominion of England

  John Calvin

Protestant reformer whose ideas  of predestination influence Puritans

William Bradford

governor of Plymouth Colony leader of pilgrims

 William III

King of England ascended after the Glorious Revolution

Mary the second

co-ruled with her husband  William lll after the Glorious Revolution

 John Winthrop 

first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony envisioned its as a city upon a hill”

Henry Hudson

English explorer who sailed for Dutch and explore the Hudson River Paving for Dutch colonization

 Roger Williams

founder of Rhode Island advocated for Religious Freedom and separates of the church and state

Peter stuyvestant 

Dutch  governor of New Netherland whose rule ended when the British took over

Massasoit 

wampanoag  leader who formed an alliance with the pilgrims at Plymouth

 Duke of  York 

James II who took control of New Netherlands in 1644 and renamed in New York City

 metacom( King Philip)

wampanoag leader who led King Philip's War against the English in 1675

William Penn Quaker

founder of Pennsylvania established it as a religious Haven and a model of democratic government

indentured servants

a person working for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies