unit 7 yES

Babylon

-ancient city located in Mesopotamia, known for its architecture and important cultural contributions

-most influential cities in the ancient world and the city played a key role in the development and spread of urbanization.

Catal Huyuk

-archaeological site in modern-day Turkey that dates back to approximately 7500 BCE,

-city’s unique layout, with closely placed mudbrick houses and no streets, shows early signs of humans practicing a sedentary lifestyle.

Samarkand

A city in Uzbekistan that served as a transportation layover along significant trade routes like the ancient Silk Road.

Damascus

-oldest continually inhabited urban centers in Syria that gathered prominence as a trading post between settlements in North Africa, the Levant, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia.

Dispersed settlements

In the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, settlements were usually dispersed as a result of desert landscapes where water sources were often separated by hostile terrain

Clustered settlements

-Western Europe had numerous sources of fresh water and arable land which led to the formation of more clustered settlements particularly in France, Britain, and German-speaking lands

-no more than a day’s ride from other settlements.

Linear settlements

-Mississippi River saw the development of linear settlements when the region was still under the control of France and Spain.

-New Orleans is located at the mouth of the river while other cities are dotted alongside the river northward.

- in Quebec that follow the northeastern trajectory of the St. Lawrence River.

New Amsterdam

-Before New York, there was a Dutch community in 1624.

-on an island that local Native Americans called Manhattan

-great destination for ships coming from across the Atlantic and upwards from the European controlled Caribbean

-sought out by the British who wished to gain more economic power in North America.

-The English Duke of York succeeded in ousting the Dutch as of 1665 and New York was born.

High order goods

-Goods that are purchased infrequently and require a much larger market area to provide the threshold needed to sustain the business

-cars are a high order goods that North American families have at least two of

Low order goods

Goods that need to be replenished frequently like food, toiletries, and household items. They require locations across the various market areas or hinterlands of any urban settlement.

Ernest Burgess

A Canadian sociologist born in 1886 who studied patterns of urban development in North America during the early 20th century.

-By 1923, he had created the concentric zone model.

Peak land value intersection

-The zone of the urban centers with the most exclusive, and most expensive, pieces of real estate.

-New York’s Fifth Avenue developed as the city’s CBD and PLVI, where suites are worth around $5 million.

Garden City

-The original idea came from Great Britain and the movement advocated for the development of well-spaced and sizable homes with ample front lawns and backyards.

Riverside, Illinois

-A community developed by Olmsted and his team that came complete with homes designed to resemble European farmhouses.

-In the 20th century, Riverside, Illinois remained one of Chicago’s most prestigious residential settings.

Homer Hoyt

-A Missouri-born real estate appraiser who put forth the

-idea of the sector model to explain the general layout of many North American cities in 1939.

Ethnic neighborhoods

-Chicago has many ethnic neighborhoods that grew up in these sector model third tier zones.

- home to people of Irish, Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Greek immigrants, which created a very diverse workforce by the 20th century.

Chauncey Harris

-multiple nuclei model in 1945

Ford & Griffin

-Latin American city model in 1980 and provided updates to it in the mid-1990s.

Law of the Indies

A key piece of legislation that regulated the set-ups of settlements passed in 1542.

Rio De Jainero

A city in Brazil where half of urban residents live in one of the city's 35 documented favelas.

Colonias

The term for squatter camps used in Mexico.

Levittown, Long Island

-The first Levittown housing tract debuted on New York’s Long Island in 1947.

-practical location because it was within commuting distance of NYC.

GI Bill

-bill created to support educational and economic opportunities for returning war veterans. -included federal home loans and a system for mortgage borrowing favorable to young families.

Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae

Private lenders that partnered with federal institutions to help provide low interest mortgages, which led to an exponential increase in home buying in the early 1950s.

Edge Cities

-Joel Garreau in 1991. His book titled “Edge City: Life on the New Frontier” looked at what criteria a suburb needed to meet in order to qualify as an edge city.

-needed to have its own CBD

- five million square feet of office space,

-six hundred square feet of retail space,

-a high daytime population,

-a low nighttime population,

a position along at least one important transportation node,

-no independent city government.

Lateral commuting

-involves commuting between a suburb and an edge city

-might live in the Los Angeles suburb of Porter Ranch, but commute to work in the larger, more established suburb of Sherman Oaks.

Counter commuting

-involves communicating from a main city into an edge city or large suburb.

Sprawl

- Los Angeles, Dallas, and Atlanta have all fallen victim to urban sprawl.

-counter-urbanization, where they opt to leave urban and suburban centers for smaller cities and towns.

- Loudoun County, Virginia set growth boundaries in the 1990s to prevent their county from being subject to sprawl.

Cape Town

The second largest city in the modern day nation of South Africa that was an important refueling and trading station for European vessels as they rounded the tip of Africa and made their way up to the Indian Ocean.

Fall-line cities

-located upstream on rivers connected to coastal outlets.

-fall-line describes the point where a river’s tidal estuary flows into an upland stream whereby ocean-going vessels can go no further.

-Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Providence, and Richmond.

- break-in-bulk points during the 19th century.

Gateway cities

-New York was a key gateway city in the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th century. -Toronto was Canada’s main gateway city. In the second half of the 20th century,

-North American cities like Miami, Los Angeles, and Vancouver served as gateway cities due to increasing migration from Latin America and Asia.

Entrepot

-coastal port cities of the past and of the present where significant amounts of trade take place.

-boasting low or no taxes on business.

-Colonial era entrepots like Hong Kong and Singapore are still important hubs today.

-A newer entrepot, Dubai, has made a name for itself as the Middle East center for shipping and trade.

Megacities

-20 cities across the world that were quantified as megacities

-excess of ten million residents

Megalopolis

-Jean Gottmann coined the term megalopolis when visiting the industrial cities of America’s northeast.

-ormed when the urbanized areas of two or more cities fuse together, creating a single “mega” center of population.

-Tokyo and its merged neighbor of Yokohama remain the world’s biggest megalopolis

First order world cities

-home to powerful political, financial, and cultural institutions.

-Tokyo and New York are world cities with a large amount of influence, but smaller cities can also be classified as work cities.

-Zurich, Switzerland is home to less than a half a million people, but it ranks as a second order world city due to its importance in banking and finance

Primate city

-common in underdeveloped nations or small nations with modest populations.

-Jordan, a middle eastern nation, has a primate city called Amman that acts as its political and cultural capital with a high population.

-Luxembourg also has a primate city called Luxembourg city, since it is a tiny nation.

Colonial cities

-A city founded by a colonizing power, usually, often built on existing native settlements or infrastructure.

-Cape Town, the important trading center of Africa,

- Dutch speakers controlling the agricultural sector, and English speakers controlling the government and finance sectors.

Free people of color

-A group of mixed people of African and European descent that evolved as their own demographic

-Marie Laveau, a free woman of color born in New Orleans in 1801, was known for bridging racial barriers when her skills as a sorceress led her to be invited by European elites.

De jure segregation

A term referring to official laws and rules that stipulated racial segregation, like those that existed between the end of the American Civil War and the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Redlining

The practice of realtors and developers making certain neighborhoods and communities off limits to minorities for decades like Detroit and Chicago.

Restrictive covenants

Restrictive covenants were used by homeowners associations to prevent certain racial and ethnic minorities from buying homes in different communities.

Sequent occupancy

-North London District of Tottenham was largely home to Irish and Polish-Jewish migrants who had arrived in the region to take up jobs in industrial labor.

-Today, the same district is home to a large Pakistani and Jamaican community.

Gentrification

- refurbishment and development of an urban area that has fallen into disrepair,

-raise real estate prices and make the area profitable for developers and investors.

-brought urban renewal to neighborhoods like Los Angeles and Detroit,

-Silverlake, a district in Los Angeles, was targeted by developers in the 1990s, and since then it has become a very expensive neighborhood.

Section 8

-program through the U.S. The Department of Housing and Urban Development provides vouchers to low income families in need of rental assistance.

-high real estate costs in urban areas have made the problem increasingly challenging to administer and many families are forced to wait for a long period of time before being situated in rental units

Public utilities

- Flint, Michigan began experiencing a crisis with its public water supply in 2014, where tap water has been contaminated with lead, human waste, and other harmful chemicals.

-The crisis exemplified how even developed cities can struggle if public utilities are ignored.

Property taxes

A term referring to the annual taxes paid by owners of private structures. In the U.S, they are managed at the state or county level and generally go to support public education in specific zip codes.

Rent control

-involves a municipal government setting limits on how much private landlords can charge on rental spaces.

-limit the ability for a property owner to raise rent on existing tenants. It became controversial in Los Angeles where property owners claimed rent control imposition in sub-cities like Santa Monica, violating private property rights.