AP modern world history unit 1

paleolithic era

Is the old stone age of the world. Its represents 95% of human activety on earth. They sustained themselves through hunting, gathering, and fishing. We saw human traits such as innovative thinking through the creation of baskets, poetry and language.

Agricultural Revolution

It is the period of innovation in which humans domesticated animals & plants. led to the creation of complex social systems as specialized labor work started, start of civilizations. (cheifdoms, farming villages, and pastoral societies). We saw the continuation of human innovative thinking.

pastoral societies

societies depending on breeding of animals (mostly if they did not have acces to lakes or rivers, fertile soil)

patriarchy

a societal system in which men hold the most power.

Hinduism

born in india spread to southeast asia.

• beleived in no individuality

• Brahman(sort of god with many forms)

• that moshka was acheived through many stages of life (karma)

• created a rigid cast system in which nobles could not touch eat with or mary lower classes

Upanishads

where the sacred texts written by hindu teachers that unified hindu beleifs. It focused largely on “no multiplicity” and becoming on with Brahman.

Siddartha Guatarma

The Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to Enlightenment that became the basis for the emerging religious tradition of Buddhism

Theravada buddism

is an exemple of how buddism changed as it integrated into new culture. (popular in sri lanka) it emphasized individual enlightenment through suclusion (not accesible, people who didint have responsibilities, mostly monks or nuns)

Mahayana Buddhism

is a branch of buddhism (tibet,mongolia and other himalayan regions) that accomidated more people as it emphasized a collective enlightenment in which those enlightened would help those who hadint.

bahkti movement

spiritual and social reformation in india that pushed for personal worship of one of the many gods and godesses of hindu beleifs.

confucianism

is the official idealogy of song dynasty china (prevailing from the han dynasty) advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.

han dynasty

The Chinese dynasty (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) that emerged after the Qin dynasty collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the twentieth century.

Daoism

Religion prevailing from china started by laozi who became enlightenment througha spiritual reatreat into nature. It emphasizes the importance of spontaneosity and rejected the confucian caste system. This religion inspired peasant revolts such as the yellow turban rebellion.

judaism

a particular holy group of people chosen by god to follow his laws and worship him through the torah (a set of laws).

jesus of nazereth

A peasant/artisan “wisdom teacher” and Jewish mystic (ca. 4 b.c.e.–29 c.e.) whose life, teachings, death, and alleged resurrection gave rise to the new religion of Christianity.

saint paul

was a jewish missionary who beleived that gods laws and jesuss teaching where not exclusive to jews but everyone. he created an entirely new religion called christianity.

perpetua

Christian martyr, from an upper-class Roman family in Carthage. Her refusal to renounce her faith made her an inspiration for other early Christians

Muhammed

The Prophet and founder of Islam whose religious revelations became the Quran, bringing a radically monotheistic religion to Arabia and the world.

Quran

holy text of Islam, which records the words of God through revelations given to the Prophet Muhammad.

umma

The community of all believers in Islam, bound by common belief rather than territory, language, or tribe.

ulama

Islamic religious scholars, both Sunni and Shia, who shaped and transmitted the core teachings of Islamic civilization

sharia

Islamic law, dealing with political, economic, social, and religious life.

madrassass

Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects like law, established throughout the Islamic world

sufism

An understanding of the Islamic faith that saw the worldly success of Islamic civilization as a distraction and deviation from the purer spirituality of Muhammad’s time. By renouncing the material world, meditating on the words of the Quran, chanting the names of God, using music and dance, and venerating Muhammad and various “saints,” Sufis pursued an interior life, seeking to tame the ego and achieve spiritual union with Allah.

silk roads

Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.

sea roads

The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 c.e. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.

sand rodes

A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world

hangul

A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the fifteenth century in a move toward greater cultural independence from China.

bushido

The “way of the warrior,” referring to the martial values of the Japanese samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender. (pron. boo-shee-doh)

chu nom

A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; “southern script.”

srivijaya

A Malay kingdom that dominated the critical choke point in Indian Ocean trade at the Strait of Melaka between 670 and 1025 c.e. Like other places in Southeast Asia, Srivijaya absorbed various cultural influences from India.

madjapahit

A significant Southeast Asian state that assimilated Hindu religious ideas. It was located primarily on the island of Java and was at the peak of its power in the fourteenth century

angkor wat

The largest religious structure in the premodern world, this temple was built by the powerful Angkor kingdom (located in modern Cambodia) in the twelfth century c.e. to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos centered on a mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition. It was later used by Buddhists as well.

constantinople

New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire; Constantinople’s highly defensible and economically important site helped ensure the city’s cultural and strategic importance for many centuries.

jizya

Special tax paid by dhimmis (protected but second-class subjects) in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion.

al-andalus

Arabic name for Spain, most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces between 711 and 718 c.e. Muslim Spain represented a point of encounter between the Islamic world and Christian Europe.

swahili civilizations

An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century c.e. as a set of commercial city-states linked into the Indian Ocean trading network. Combining African Bantu and Islamic cultural patterns, these competing city-states accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civilizations

west african civilizations

A series of important states that developed in the region stretching from the Atlantic coast to Lake Chad in the period 500 to 1600 c.e. Developed in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production), it included the states of Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu, as well as numerous towns and cities.

mali

A prominent state within West African civilization; it was established in 1235 c.e. and flourished for several centuries. Mali monopolized the import of horses and metals as part of the trans-Saharan trade; it was a large-scale producer of gold; and its most famous ruler, Mansa Musa, led a large group of Muslims on the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324–1325.

trans-saharan slave trade

A fairly small-scale commerce in enslaved people that flourished especially from 1100 to 1400, exporting enslaved West Africans across the Sahara for sale in Islamic North Africa.

timbuktu

A major commercial city of West African civilization and a noted center of Islamic scholarship and education by the sixteenth century.

byzantine empire

One of the main centers of Christendom during the medieval centuries, the Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the eastern portion of the Roman Empire. It lasted for a thousand years after the collapse of Roman rule in the West, until its conquest by Muslim forces in 1453.

ottoman seizure of byzantine

The city of Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the Conqueror” in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

keivan rus

A culturally diverse civilization that emerged around the city of Kiev in the ninth century c.e. and adopted Christianity in the tenth, thus linking this emerging Russian state to the world of Eastern Orthodoxy.

eastern orthodox christianity

Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and a sharp rejection of the authority of Roman popes.

western christendome

Western European branch of Christianity, also known as Roman Catholicism, that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break occurring in 1054 c.e.; characterized by its relative independence from the state and its recognition of the authority of the pope.

feudalism

A highly fragmented and decentralized society in which power was held by the landowning warrior elite. In this highly competitive system, lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords or kings and thus became their vassals, frequently receiving lands and plunder in return for military service.

roman catholic church

Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break occurring in 1054 c.e. that still has not been overcome. By the eleventh century, Western Christendom was centered on the pope as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine. The Church struggled to remain independent of established political authorities.

european renessance

A “rebirth” of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350–1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek and Roman learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society. It spread to Northern Europe after 1400.

maya civilization

A major civilization of Mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system in the Americas and other intellectual and artistic achievements; flourished from 250 to 900 c.e.

aztec empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico.

inca empire

The Western Hemisphere’s largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (the Incas), the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects.

magna carta

no one including the kind is above the law in england