Financial Algebra Unit 1 - Taxes and Fundamentals of Algebra

1040

The standard Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form that individuals can use to file their annual income tax returns

1099

Form that details all "non-employee" compensation, including for specific jobs like freelancers or contractors

Allowances

Employee-claimed exemptions on the W-4 to determine how much of an employee's pay to withhold from his or her paycheck for taxes

Audit

An inspection of a filer's tax return by the IRS

Capital Gain

Profit from the sale of an asset, such as a stock or a bond, calculated by subtracting the price you initially paid from the price you then sold it for

Corporate Income Tax

A percentage of profits paid by a business to the federal and state government

Dependent

Someone you financially support who can be "claimed" on a tax return to reduce your taxable income and lower your taxes

Discretionary Spending

Spending by the federal government determined by legislative action and approved through votes by elected officials

Dividend

Money from the profits of a company that is paid out to its shareholders, typically on a quarterly basis

Domain

A list of all inputs of a function that will produce an output

Effective Tax Rate

The actual rate you pay on your taxes, as a percentage of your overall income

Excise Tax

A tax paid on purchases of a specific good, like gasoline or cigarettes

Exemption

The set amount of money, per dependent, you can subtract from your taxable income

Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)

A federal law that requires an employer to withhold taxes from the wages they pay their employees; the funds go toward Social Security and Medicare

Filing Status

A category that defines the type of tax return an individual will use, primarily based on marital status; it also determines the size of your tax brackets and how much of your income is taxed at each rate

Function Notation

A way of naming a function to define its independent and dependent variables

I-9

Form used by an employer to verify an employee's identity and to establish that the worker is eligible to accept employment in the United States

Income Tax

Taxes paid by employees to federal and state government through a direct deduction from their paycheck

Interest Income

Income earned through interest on savings accounts, bonds, CDs, etc.

Mandatory Spending

Spending by the federal government required by previously existing laws, including funding programs like Social Security and Medicare/Medicaid

Marginal Tax Rate

The tax bracket that your highest dollar of income falls into, and therefore the highest tax rate you pay

Medicare

A government-run insurance program that provides healthcare assistance to elderly and disabled Americans

Medicaid

A government-run insurance program that provides healthcare assistance to low income Americans

Paycheck Stub

A document attached to every paycheck that details your earnings and the amount withheld for taxes, health insurance, retirement funds, etc.

Payroll Tax

Federal and state taxes that all employers must pay, based on a percentage of the employee's salary, toward social services such as Social Security and Medicare

Piecewise Function

A function composed of 2 or more functions

Progressive Tax

A tax system in which higher-income taxpayers pay a larger proportion of their incomes than lower-income taxpayers

Proportional Tax

A tax system in which taxpayers pay the same proportion of their incomes regardless of how much or how little they earn

Range

A list of all outputs of a function

Rational Number

Any number that can be written as a fraction

Regressive Tax

A tax system in which lower-income taxpayers pay a larger proportion of their incomes than higher-income taxpayers

Social Security

A federal program that provides monthly benefits to millions of Americans, including retirees, military families, surviving families of deceased workers, and disabled individuals

Standard Deduction

A standardized dollar amount that reduces your taxable income, specifically for individuals who do not receive additional benefit by itemizing their deductions into medical expenses, donations, etc.

Tax Bracket

A range of income amounts that are taxed at a particular rate

Tax Rate

The percentage at which taxes are paid on each dollar of income

Taxable Income

The amount of income that is used to calculate an individual's or a company's income tax due

W-2

Form that an employer must send to an employee and the IRS at the end of the year to report the employee's annual wages and taxes withheld from their paycheck

W-4

A form completed by an employee to indicate his or her tax situation (exemptions, marital status, etc.) to the employer, who then withholds the corresponding amount of taxes from each paycheck

Withholding

The portion of an employee's wages that is not included in their paycheck because it goes directly to federal, state and local taxes