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repression
reducing anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from consciousness
repression
underlines all other defense mechanisms
repression
someone forgetting childhood trauma to live in the present without being haunted by those experiences
regression
reverting to an earlier period of psychological development
regression
an adult who is stressed sucking their thumb
displacement
when aggressive urges are shifting toward a recipient other than the one who caused the feelings
Displacement
someone yelling at their siblings because they’re mad at their parents
projection
when anxiety producing feelings are repressed and placed onto another person
projection
a kid bully’s another for their size because they’re insecure of their own
denial
the result of the ego not being able to accept the reality of a situation (doing so would cause anxiety)
denial
a parent refusing to accept their child is acting out at school because they’re really an “angel”
reaction formation
transforming unacceptable urges and thoughts into its opposite
reaction formation
someone who harbors beliefs against women rights preaches the idea that women should be treated equal as men
Rationalization
when excuses are created to justify or excuse an unacceptable impulse or behavior
rationalization
a person who wants to exercise regularly skips the gym because they have “had a really hard day”
sublimation
when a person channels an unacceptable urge into something with social value
sublimation
a person who’s upset goes to the gym to channel their anger into their workout
consciousness
what you are aware of
unconscious
beyond our awareness but are “in there” somewhere
preconscious
things that can be brought back to conscious awareness with effort- triggered by something
psychodynamic theory
assumes unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality and how your conscious deals with this
ID
the pleasure principle
ID
the unconscious, houses desires and wants immediate gratification
ego
the conscious, rational stuff that deals in reality
ego
the reality principle
superego
the morality principle
superego
the internalized moral and social norms/moral compass
personality
an individuals’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, characteristics, thoughts, and emotions
psychodynamic, humanistic, social cognitive, trait
4 theory’s of personality
experiences, interactions, environment, genetics
factors that can influence/make a personality
humanistic theory
focuses on people’s innate drive and desire to reach their full potential, and our conscious actions that we take to reach that goal
humanistic theory
the idea that self actualization is achieved through unconditional positive regard
self actualization
knowingly living an authentic life, doing the things you value and desire
unconditional positive regard
refers to people who will give you praise, recognize you, or love you regardless of what you do or who you are
congruent
you can reach self actualization if you are:
congruent
your ideal self matches your real self
self actualization
the more positive regard we get, the closer we will be to:
social cognitive theory
claims that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role in determining someone's behavior patterns and personality
social cognitive theory
a combination of observational learning and mental processes are said to create one’s personality
reciprocal determinism
model which proposes that three factors-behavior, person, and environment “interact” to determine patterns of behavior
trait theory
believes that personality consists of observable and measurable traits that endure over time and across situations
trait theory
focus on observable and more measurable traits
traits
stable characteristics of thoughts, behavior, and emotions
factor analysis
identified clusters of traits related together and multiple variables that were correlated and identified how they connect with each other
factor analysis
allowed psychologists to find the overarching qualities of multiple traits and reduce the traits into a more manageable and quantifiable way
Gordon Allport (TT)
argued that personality is guided by about 5-10 central traits people are born with
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
OCEAN
openness
conventional vs range of interests
conscientiousness
disorganized vs organized
extraversion
reserved vs outgoing
agreeableness
critical vs cooperative
neuroticism
secure vs easily stressed
person, behavior, environment
3 parts of reciprocal determinism model
motivation
the process that drives people to act to achieve a goal
drive reduction theory
people have a need to maintain homeostasis, so people seek out what they need to maintain that balance, includes association
drive reduction theory
if you’re cold, you’re motivated to put on a coat
arousal theory
we are motivated to maintain in ourselves an optimum state of arousal
arousal theory
putting on hype music while doing your homework when you’re tired
self determination theory
people are intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated
intrinsic
innate, valuable in it of itself/actually doing the action
extrinsic
value because it gets you something
intrinsic
cleaning your room because you enjoy organizing
extrinsic
cleaning your room because your mom will let you go out if you do
incentive theory
people are motivated to do something because there’s an incentive (money, food, fame)
incentive theory
mowing the lawn because you get paid to
instinct theory
acting unconsciously on internal drives
instinct theory
a baby crying when they want food
sensation seeking theory
we are motivated to seek out new and varied experiences
experience, thrill, disinhibition, boredom susceptibility
types of sensation seeking
experience seeking
new sensory experiences, shown in life long learners
thrill seeking
increased arousal from physical challenges and risk
disinhibition
doing spontaneous and inhibited actions, acting more carefree around people you like
boredom susceptibility
motivated to break routine or monotony
experience seeking
listening to new music or trying foods
thrill seeking
riding roller coasters or running from a bull
disinhibition
dancing on tables
boredom susceptibility
taking a different route on the way to work
motivation conflict theory
motivated to do things to resolve conflict
approach approach
picking between two desirable options
approach approach
choosing fruity pebbles vs. coco puffs
approach avoidance
single choice with positive and negative aspects
approach avoidance
getting a promotion at work but having to move across the country
avoidance avoidance
choosing between two undesirable options
avoidance avoidance
cleaning up dog poop or getting grounded
simpler tasks
higher arousal benefits:
complex tasks
moderate arousal benefits:
Yerkes Dodson law
suggests there’s an optimal level of arousal for peak performance- not too much, not too little
Ghrelin
A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
leptin
tells the body to suppress appetite
hypothalamus
part of the brain that regulates hunger and energy expediture
pituitary gland
plays a role in hunger hormone regulation, under the control of the hypothalamus
broaden and build theory
states that experiencing positive emotions increases our intellectual, physical, social, and psychological resources
anger
a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.
Happiness
enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions; the sense that one's life has meaning and value
Display rules
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
elicitors
the triggers for emotions
emotion
a complex experience that begins with a stimulus (external factor) and includes psychological responses, subjective emotional feelings (internal factor) and emotional expression
emotional expressions
the outward signs of what a person is feeling
psychological response
your heart rate increasing when seeing a bee
cognitive appraisal
how you feel about the stimulus, behavior changes to what you think you should think
