Personality

repression

reducing anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from consciousness

repression

underlines all other defense mechanisms

repression

someone forgetting childhood trauma to live in the present without being haunted by those experiences

regression

reverting to an earlier period of psychological development

regression

an adult who is stressed sucking their thumb

displacement

when aggressive urges are shifting toward a recipient other than the one who caused the feelings

Displacement

someone yelling at their siblings because they’re mad at their parents

projection

when anxiety producing feelings are repressed and placed onto another person

projection

a kid bully’s another for their size because they’re insecure of their own

denial

the result of the ego not being able to accept the reality of a situation (doing so would cause anxiety)

denial

a parent refusing to accept their child is acting out at school because they’re really an “angel”

reaction formation

transforming unacceptable urges and thoughts into its opposite

reaction formation

someone who harbors beliefs against women rights preaches the idea that women should be treated equal as men

Rationalization

when excuses are created to justify or excuse an unacceptable impulse or behavior

rationalization

a person who wants to exercise regularly skips the gym because they have “had a really hard day”

sublimation

when a person channels an unacceptable urge into something with social value

sublimation

a person who’s upset goes to the gym to channel their anger into their workout

consciousness

what you are aware of

unconscious

beyond our awareness but are “in there” somewhere

preconscious

things that can be brought back to conscious awareness with effort- triggered by something

psychodynamic theory

assumes unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality and how your conscious deals with this

ID

the pleasure principle

ID

the unconscious, houses desires and wants immediate gratification

ego

the conscious, rational stuff that deals in reality

ego

the reality principle

superego

the morality principle

superego

the internalized moral and social norms/moral compass

personality

an individuals’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, characteristics, thoughts, and emotions

psychodynamic, humanistic, social cognitive, trait

4 theory’s of personality

experiences, interactions, environment, genetics

factors that can influence/make a personality

humanistic theory

focuses on people’s innate drive and desire to reach their full potential, and our conscious actions that we take to reach that goal

humanistic theory

the idea that self actualization is achieved through unconditional positive regard

self actualization

knowingly living an authentic life, doing the things you value and desire

unconditional positive regard

refers to people who will give you praise, recognize you, or love you regardless of what you do or who you are

congruent

you can reach self actualization if you are:

congruent

your ideal self matches your real self

self actualization

the more positive regard we get, the closer we will be to:

social cognitive theory

claims that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role in determining someone's behavior patterns and personality

social cognitive theory

a combination of observational learning and mental processes are said to create one’s personality

reciprocal determinism

model which proposes that three factors-behavior,  person, and environment “interact” to determine patterns of behavior

trait theory

believes that personality consists of observable and measurable traits that endure over time and across situations

trait theory

focus on observable and more measurable traits

traits

stable characteristics of thoughts, behavior, and emotions

factor analysis

identified clusters of traits related together and multiple variables that were correlated and identified how they connect with each other

factor analysis

 allowed psychologists to find the overarching qualities of multiple traits and reduce the traits into a more manageable and quantifiable way

Gordon Allport (TT)

argued that personality is guided by about 5-10 central traits people are born with

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

OCEAN

openness

conventional vs range of interests

conscientiousness

disorganized vs organized

extraversion

reserved vs outgoing

agreeableness

critical vs cooperative

neuroticism

secure vs easily stressed

person, behavior, environment

3 parts of reciprocal determinism model

motivation

the process that drives people to act to achieve a goal

drive reduction theory

people have a need to maintain homeostasis, so people seek out what they need to maintain that balance, includes association

drive reduction theory

if you’re cold, you’re motivated to put on a coat

arousal theory

we are motivated to maintain in ourselves an optimum state of arousal

arousal theory

putting on hype music while doing your homework when you’re tired

self determination theory

people are intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated

intrinsic

innate, valuable in it of itself/actually doing the action

extrinsic

value because it gets you something

intrinsic

cleaning your room because you enjoy organizing

extrinsic

cleaning your room because your mom will let you go out if you do

incentive theory

people are motivated to do something because there’s an incentive (money, food, fame)

incentive theory

mowing the lawn because you get paid to

instinct theory

acting unconsciously on internal drives

instinct theory

a baby crying when they want food

sensation seeking theory

we are motivated to seek out new and varied experiences

experience, thrill, disinhibition, boredom susceptibility

types of sensation seeking

experience seeking

new sensory experiences, shown in life long learners

thrill seeking

increased arousal from physical challenges and risk

disinhibition

doing spontaneous and inhibited actions, acting more carefree around people you like

boredom susceptibility

motivated to break routine or monotony

experience seeking

listening to new music or trying foods

thrill seeking

riding roller coasters or running from a bull

disinhibition

dancing on tables

boredom susceptibility

taking a different route on the way to work

motivation conflict theory

motivated to do things to resolve conflict

approach approach

picking between two desirable options

approach approach

choosing fruity pebbles vs. coco puffs

approach avoidance

single choice with positive and negative aspects

approach avoidance

getting a promotion at work but having to move across the country

avoidance avoidance

choosing between two undesirable options

avoidance avoidance

cleaning up dog poop or getting grounded

simpler tasks

higher arousal benefits:

complex tasks

moderate arousal benefits:

Yerkes Dodson law

suggests there’s an optimal level of arousal for peak performance- not too much, not too little

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

leptin

tells the body to suppress appetite

hypothalamus

part of the brain that regulates hunger and energy expediture

pituitary gland

plays a role in hunger hormone regulation, under the control of the hypothalamus

broaden and build theory

states that experiencing positive emotions increases our intellectual, physical, social, and psychological resources

anger

a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.

Happiness

enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions; the sense that one's life has meaning and value

Display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

elicitors

the triggers for emotions

emotion

a complex experience that begins with a stimulus (external factor) and includes psychological responses, subjective emotional feelings (internal factor) and emotional expression

emotional expressions

the outward signs of what a person is feeling

psychological response

your heart rate increasing when seeing a bee

cognitive appraisal

how you feel about the stimulus, behavior changes to what you think you should think