English 1 Final Exam

Allegory

A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one 

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Authors Style

word choice → formal or informal

Syntax →structure of sentences, paragraphs and the novel as a whole

Dialogue → how a character speaks can reveal their background

Tone → the author's attitude towards the subject Mood → the atmosphere/ feeling the reader gets towards the subject

Imagery →appeals to the five senses

figurative language → metaphor, personification, simile, hyperbole, understatement, idiom

Connotations → feeling and thoughts associated with particular words, EX: mother vs ma

Sound devices →rhythm, rhyme, onomatopoeia, alliteration Indirect setting development →dialogue, dialect, allusions

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Motivation

the experience of wanting something or wanting to avoid it.

Extrinsic motivation

motivated by outside influence, not something you want to do → motivated by rewards or punishments 

Intrinsic motivation

motivated from yourself, bring you joy, and fee your curiosity → doing what you need to do os to please ourselves and our curiosity

Imagery

appeals to five senses

Irony

The difference between what we expect to happen and what actually happened 

Verbal irony

say opposite of what is meant 

EX: Sarcasm 

Situational Irony

Situational irony: situation ends in a way that is not expected 

EX: Professor daughter drops out of college

Dramatic Irony

audience knows more than the characters 

Ex: Horror movies 

Point of View

Perspective from which the events in the story are observed and recounted

First person

narrator is “I” in the story, biased and one-sided

Second person

narrator reads as “you”, not common

Third person Limited

outside observer of actions only, no thought or feelings

Third person omniscient

know everything, know the characters what they think and how they feel Outside observer of actions, thoughts, and feelings

Character

Central figure in story

Dynamic character

changes during the plot of the story, grows

Static character

stays the same through out the story

Round character

well developed and complex figure in story, know a lot about them

Flat Character

under-developed and simple figures in story, usually background characters and do not know a lot about them

Direct characterization

author telling you directly what character is, described by author

Indirect Characterization

author shows reader through thoughts, interactions, what people say about them

Shows important details through actions, speech, thoughts, and looks.

S.T.E.A.L

Acronym S.T.E.A.L

indirect characterization

**Speech**- What do they say? How do they communicate with others? How do they speak?

**Thoughts**- what they are thinking? How do they feel? **Effect on others**- How doe the character make others feel? How do others react to them?

**Actions**- What does the character do? How do they behave?

**Looks**- What does the character look like? How does the character dress?

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Rhetoric

the art of argument and discourse

Ethos

appealing the audience's values, needs, and traditions → get them to trust you

**credibility**

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Pathos

appealing to audiences **emotions**

Logos

appealing to audiences **logic** and reason

Tragic Hero

Tragic hero is relatable and extraordinary but has one flaw like ambition or stubbornness that causes him to make one huge mistake that sends there life downhill

Allusion

an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

Anachronism

things out of place in the time period the work takes place in

EX: cavemen warming up dinner with microwave

Antagonist

bad guy, creates conflict

Protagonist

good guy, usually main character

Assonance

the repetition of a sound of a vowel in poetry

Ex: the k__**i**__nd Kn__**i**__ght r__**i**__des b__***y***__

climax

most important and tense part of story

conclusion

end of story

connotation

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal meaning (positive, neutral, negative)

EX: “dicipline” has a negative connotation

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Elision

the omission of a sound or syllable when speaking

Exposition

beginning of story (settings, characters)

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Falling Action

events after climax, works towards resolution, tensions start to resolve

Figurative Language

a way of expressing oneself that does not use a word's strict or realistic meaning. Makes writing more complex and sound better.

flashback

event in the story that happened before the plot

foreshadow

a warning of indication of a future event

hyperbole

exaggerated statements

metaphor

applies a description to something that is not applicable

mood

how the reader feels by the atmosphere of the work, usually setting

Motif

something that is repeated throughout a work

Onomatopoeia

word that represents/describes sound

EX: BAM, POP, POW

Paradox

self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.

Personification

describing something nonhuman with human characteristics

proverb

A short saying that can be applied to many different situations

pun

a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings.

resolution

solution to a conflict

simile

comparison of two unlike things using like or as

symbol/symbolism

something that represents something else

theme

main idea

tone

the attitude that a character or narrator or author takes towards a given subject.

conflict

problem in story

conflict with self

refers to the main character's inner struggle. This type of conflict often involves a character choosing between two conflicting obligations, facing their flaws and fears, or coming to terms with their own nature.

conflict with person

the main character's goal is obstructed by another character or multiple characters

conflict with nature

when the protagonist, either alone or together with the other characters, is in direct opposition to the forces of nature

conflict with society

the struggle for agency or power in society.

Person vs. group

rising action

intro of conflict, character development, tensions rise

soliloquy

an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.

aside

a character may turn to the audience to make an observation or remark that the other characters can't hear

When to use an in-text citation?

immediately after a direct quote, fact/statistic, paraphrasing, or a borrowed idea

(Authors last name Page number)

MLA heading

name

teacher’s name

class and block

date

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top right page = last name + page number

How to refrence works in MLA

Title of **book/novel** = *italicized* (__underlined__ when hand written)

Title of **poem/short story/ article** = “quotations”

Title of **magizine** = __underlined__

Page formating in MLA

* Times New Roman 12 font
* double spaced
* indent first line of every new paragraph
* **1’ margins**
* Tile of YOUR essay = normal → no **B,** __U,__ *I*