CSD Comprehensive Exam Flashcards

Review flashcards for fluency, speech, language, neurorehab, research, and documentation

What are the core behaviors associated with stuttering?

Repetitions of sounds, syllables, or words; Prolongations of voiced or voiceless sounds; Blocks in the flow of air or voice

What is the difference between escape and avoidance behaviors in stuttering?

Escape behaviors occur during stuttering to stop it, while avoidance behaviors are used to prevent stuttering from happening.

What are some examples of secondary behaviors in stuttering (visible/audible)?

Visible/Audible: changes in pitch/loudness, visible tension, tremor, body movement; Non-visible: Increased blood flow, increased HR, non-visible tension

What are the ABCs of stuttering?

Affective (emotions), Behavioral (stuttering events), Cognitive (thoughts/beliefs)

What is the difference between Stuttering-Like Disfluencies (SLDs) and Other Disfluencies (ODs)?

SLDs include part-word repetitions, single-syllable word repetitions, and dysrhythmic phonations. ODs include interjections, revisions, and phrase repetitions.

When does stuttering typically onset?

The onset of stuttering typically occurs between 25-36 months of age, but can range from 16 months to 60 months.

What are the red flags indicating persistence in stuttering?

More boys than girls, later onset, continued presence of dysrhythmic phonations, comorbid language problems, and family history of persistence.

What are the green flags indicating natural/spontaneous recovery from stuttering?

Being a girl, family history of recovery, early onset, severity dropping significantly, and dysrhythmic phonations dropping to normal levels quickly.

What are some of the major theories of stuttering?

Theory of Incomplete Cerebral Dominance, Psychoanalytic Theory, Behaviorism and Learning Theory, Anticipatory-Struggle Hypothesis, Approach-Avoidance Theory, Capacity and Demands Theory, and Multifactorial Model of Stuttering

What is the goal of Bloodstein's phases of stuttering?

It attempts to show the progression of stuttering across phases

Stuttering begins in the ear of the parent, not the mouth of the child

Wendell Johnson's Diagnosogenic Theory

Van Riper believes stuttering occurs when the forward flow of speech is interrupted by:

A motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word, or by the speaker’s reaction thereto

What are some ameliorating conditions that improve fluency?

Singing, when speaking to authority figures/pets/infants, choral reading, using a metronome, DAF, and sound application/masking noise.

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative analysis in stuttering assessment?

Quantitative analysis focuses on the number of disfluencies, while qualitative analysis focuses on characteristics such as listener's judgment and physical tension.

What three areas are in focus during the SSI-4 assessment?

Frequency, duration, and physical concomitants.

What does Dysphagia mean?

Difficulty swallowing.

What is a Bolus?

A small mass of chewed food.

What is the UES?

Upper Esophageal Sphincter; cricopharyngeus muscle opens the UES

Dysphagia

ALWAYS A SYMPTOM and NEVER A PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS

What part of swallowing/anatomy is within the SLP’s scope of practice?

The first three phases of swallowing, from the lips to the UES

What are the stages of swallowing?

Anticipatory, Oral Prep, Oral, Pharyngeal, Esophageal

What is Aspiration?

Food/liquid entering the airways BELOW the vocal folds

What is penetration?

Food/liquid entering the airways ABOVE the vocal folds

What is the #1 cause of dysphagia in adults?

STROKE

What factors influence swallowing?

Characteristics of the food/liquid and volitional control exerted over the swallow

How does increased viscosity effect the pressure during a swallow?

Pressure generation increases with increased viscosity

Where does the Suction occurs during Straw Drinking for a swallow?

To the oral cavity that created linguavelar seal

When specifically is the initiation of swallow for LIQUIDS?

When the bolus reaches the ramus of the mandible

When specifically is the initiation of swallow for SOLIDS?

When bolus is at the valleculae or pyriform sinus cavities.

What are the different types of airway protection during a swallow?

Epiglottis inverts, true vocal folds adduction, and false vocal folds adduction.

Palatoglossus

Muscle innervated by CN that does NOT end in -glossus

What does SLP do for clinical swallowing examination?

Screenings - Screen for patients who are at risk and need further testing; CSE - collect info through case history/interview and swallow trials. More in depth but does not equal to a screener!!; Instrumental Evaluation - FEES/MBSS look deeper and help SLP make differential diagnosis of why swallowing is incorrect

What are the different neuromotor bases underlying each type of dysarthria?

Weakness (flaccid), spasticity (spastic), incoordination (ataxic), reduced range of motion/rigidity/scaling problems (hypokinetic), and involuntary movements (hyperkinetic).

What are the names of the cranial nerves in order (I-XII)?

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI), Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII).

Key Characteristics: fasciculations, atrophy, reduced reflexes, weaknesses, progressive weakness with use

Dysarthria in LMN

CN V Trigeminal, CN VII Facial, CN IX palatoglossal, CN X Vagus, CN XI Accessory, CN XII Hypoglossal are most applicable

Located in LMN in Dysarthrias

Location: Upper motor neurons reflect neuronal tracts

Brain and spinal cord (AKA CNS) and in almost all cases are contralateral

Direct activation pathway

Corticalbulbar Influence and Corticospinal

Ataxic dysarthria

Cerebellum located in the posterior part of brain and responsible for coordination and balance

Neuroplasticity

The ability the brain has to change by experiencing and learning new things

What the 2 types of neuroplasticity?

synaptogenesis and cortical reorganization

What are the Principles of Neuroplasticity?

Use it or Lose it, Use it and Improve it, Salience Matters, Repetition Matters, Intensity Matters, Time Matters, Transference Matters, Specificity Matters, Age Matters, Interference Matters

What is the MOST basic input of Attention that is SENSORY INPUT

ability to focus on a set task is attention

What are Level of attentions (5)?

Focused (basic response), Sustained (maintain focus to complete a task), Selective (sustained attention + filtering out distractions), Alternating (switching), Divided (doing two things at same time where one is automatic)

What is Consciousness's Quality?

quality or state of being aware

What are 3 types of Memory Stages?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

memory with conscious recall

Explicit(conscious recall) and implicit (without conscious recall)

executive is what your brain is doing when you are getting stuff done?

What your brain is doing when you are getting stuff done

Divergent is what you're going from label to members and Convergent is going from members to label

What your brain is doing when you are getting stuff done

MCI is defined as

mild cognitive impairment is inbetween of aging and diagnosed dementia

Why do SLP need to Speech Sound assesment?

determine if an articulation and/or phonological disorder is present, intelligibility, severity, frustration level, type of error, determine if treatment for the disorder is warranted

ARTICULATION assesment advantage

easy to score and quantifiable list of incorrect productions

What Factors play a role in speech Eligibility

depends on the setting and many factors that play a role such as

How do you select sounds for treatment?

Refer to mastery and suppression charts and child can benefit the most from (high frequency sounds or salient sounds to them)

Types of cleft and lip and palate for SLP with clients

unilateral or bilateral of cleft lip and palate

What is Phonetics?

Phonetics: The study of the production and perception of speech sounds. ●

What is IPA?

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): The universal alphabet system used to represent

science and study of speech sounds

Phonology: The

VP insufficiency

short/abnormal velum/STRUCTURAL DEFICIT caused from minimal tissue

VP incompetence

Neurophysiological disorder which results in poor movement of the velopharyngeal structures/FUNCTIONAL DEFICIT caused from loss of muscle function

Idiosyncratic

pattern that is unique to the child and INITIAL CONSONANT DELETION

phonetic inventory

sounds they have

inventory

sounds they use correctly phonemic

the formula for Chronological Age

Chronological age - (DOE-DOB)

What is Phonological awareness?

EXPLICIT awareness of the sound of a spoken word

route theories to spelling

PA (phonological awareness) contributes to word reading and spelling

SynonymY is similar meaning

SemanticS think meaning and vocabulary

Bilingualism

BICS is basic and CALP is academic

laws and policy notes

IEP vs IFSP and Entitlement vs Eligibility and LRE

S-Subjective

the place to report anything the client says or feels that is relevant to their session or case

O-Objective

measurable and observable

A-assesment

you describe and explain why things happened and what might be going on

P-plan

you answer “Now what?”