APUSH Unit 4.8-4.12

Andrew Jackson

War hero turned politician who treated Native Americans terribly, championed the idea of the common man and expanded the powers of the presidency as the 7th president.

John Quincy Adams

Politician and diplomat from Massachusetts who won the controversial presidential election of 1824 and favored the American System, but faced steep opposition from an unfriendly Congress.

Henry Clay

Politician from Kentucky who came in fourth in the popular vote of the presidential election of 1824, but helped secure John Quincy Adams victory and was later appointed Secretary of State.

Corrupt Bargain

Claim made by Andrew Jackson and his supporters that Henry Clay used his position as Speaker of the House to get John Quincy Adams elected in exchange for being appointed Secretary of State.

Revolution of 1828

Rematch between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson for the presidency that was known for the brutal mudslinging tactics used by both campaigns that resulted in a Jackson victory.

the Frontier

Name for the western edge of the United States that was characterized for being rough and not as civilized as the eastern part of the country, but was growing rapidly in population and political power.

Role of the President

Question of the authority, powers and duties of the highest government office in relation to many different aspects and entities including the people, the economy, Congress and the military.

"Kitchen Cabinet"

President Jackson's closest advisors made up mostly of his friends and were not members of the official presidentially appointed and Senate confirmed cabinet of advisors.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Refusal of the official cabinet's wives to listen to President Jackson's order to socially accept the wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, which resulted in the resignation of most of the cabinet.

John C. Calhoun

Vice president to President Jackson who resigned over the Peggy Eaton Affair and the Tariff of Abominations and returned as a thorn in President Jackson's side as a Senator from South Carolina.

Martin Van Buren

Politician who remained loyal to President Jackson during the Peggy Eaton Affair and became President Jackson's vice president during his second term.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law passed by Congress and enforced by President Jackson that resulted in the forced relocation of Native Americans out of their traditional homelands to west of the Mississippi River.

the West

Name originally applied to whatever land was at the western border of the United States, but is most commonly applied to land west of the Mississippi River.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Landmark SCOTUS case in which the Supreme Court threw out the case by ruling the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in court.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Landmark SCOTUS case in which the Supreme Court ruled that state laws had no force within Native American territory, however, President Jackson did not enforce the decision.

Trail of Tears

Enforcement of the Indian Removal Act that resulted in the deadly forced removal and march of the Cherokee by the U.S. Army to land west of the Mississippi River.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina denounced the Tariff of Abominations as unconstitutional and refused to collect the tax, which led to threats of violent enforcement from President Jackson, but ended in compromise.

States' Rights

Emphasis on promoting and protecting the powers and authority of local governments, primarily against the authority and powers of the federal government.

Tariff of Abominations

Increased tax on foreign imports passed in 1828 that greatly angered southern states due to their reliance on foreign manufactured goods, which led to the Nullification Crisis.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Famous exchange of speeches in the Senate over nullification with a Senator from Massachusetts making a plea for unity and a Senator from South Carolina arguing in favor of states' rights.

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

Official statement from President Jackson declaring that nullification and disunion were treason and would be dealt with violently if necessary.

Bank of the United States

Privately owned national bank that received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by keeping the national economy stable, but faced opposition from President Jackson.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the United States who clashed with President Jackson over the constitutionality of a national bank and ultimately lost after Congress failed to recharter the bank.

Two-Party System

Dominance of two main political parties, which returned after the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democrats led by Andrew Jackson and the Whigs led by Henry Clay.

Democrats

Reminiscent of the Democratic-Republicans of Jefferson, Jackson created this party with an emphasis on the common man and protecting states' rights.

Whigs

Reminiscent of the Federalists, Henry Clay created this party with an emphasis on federal power and supporting the American System through support of a national bank and funding internal improvements.

Pet Banks

President Jackson transferred federal funds to these state run financial institutions in order to hurt Nicholas Biddle and the Bank of the United States.

Roger Taney

Secretary of the Treasury for President Jackson who helped transfer federal funds from the Bank of the United States to various state banks in order to hurt the Bank of the United States.

Specie Circular

Presidential order by President Jackson requiring all purchases of federal land to be paid in gold or silver in an attempt to control land speculation, but instead led to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

Major economic downturn at the start of Martin Van Buren's presidency that was partially caused by President Jackson's refusal to recharter the national bank and the Specie Circular.

"Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign

Successful presidential candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison in 1840, who campaigned on his legacy as a war hero and a man of humble origins.

Great Plains

Area known for wide open prairies and where many tribes of Native Americans were forced to relocate as the United States expanded westward, where their lifestyle was revolutionized by horses.

White Settlers

Caucasian Americans who pushed into the western frontier of the United States and faced many similar survival challenges as the early colonists.

Environmental Damage

Harm caused to surrounding nature by American settlers moving into the western frontier in large numbers and clearing vital forests and overfarming the soil.

Extinction

Elimination of a species from existence, which almost happened to the American beaver and bison due to overhunting by American trappers and hunters.

Cultural Nationalism

Patriotic themes infusing every aspect of American society such as the United States for much of the 19th century as seen in American art, literature and education.

Romanticism

Cultural shift from the reason and order of the Enlightenment to an emphasis on emotion, feelings, individual acts of heroism and nature.

Transcendentalists

New England philosophers who started an idealistic movement in the 1830s that taught divinity pervades all nature and humanity, which was influenced by romanticism and a reaction to rationalism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist who advocated for American literary nationalism and argued for independent thinking and a focus on spiritual matters in essays such as "Self-Reliance" and "Nature."

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist who spent years reflecting in nature and argued for conservation and living life according to one's conscience in his book Walden and his essay "On Civil Disobedience."

Walden

Book written by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau based on his writings from his time spent living simply in a cabin and reflecting in nature, which focused on moral independence and self reliance.

"On Civil Disobedience"

Essay written by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau on his reflections on the necessity for disobeying unjust laws and accepting the penalty, which inspired future nonviolent movements.

Brook Farm

Communal experiment launched by Protestant minister George Ripley to live according to transcendentalist ideals that hosted many leading intellectuals such as Emerson, but closed in 1849

George Ripley

Puritan minister who launched the communal experiment of Brook Farm, which encouraged people to live according to transcendentalist ideals and hosted many leading intellectuals such as Emerson.

Margaret Fuller

Feminist, leader in the women's rights movement, Brook Farm participant and editor of The Dial, which was a transcendentalist publication.

Feminist

Advocate and supporter of women's rights and feminism, which included many transcendentalists.

Theodore Parker

Transcendentalist theologian and radical reformer who advocated for women's rights and abolition.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romanticism novelist and Brook Farm participant who questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life in his written works such as The Scarlet Letter.

Utopia

Ideal community formed by withdrawing from conventional society, which many attempted to form during the antebellum period with examples including Brook Farm, the Shakers and New Harmony.

Antebellum

Term used to describe the time period after the War of 1812, but before the Civil War that included many reform movements, but also rising sectionalism.

Shakers

One of the earliest religious communal movements, followers held property in common and believed in equal gender roles, celibacy, and social discipline over freedom.

Amana Colonies

German settlers in Iowa who belonged to the religious reform movement of Pietism, which emphasized simple, communal living.

New Harmony

Secular communal experiment in Indiana led by industrialist and reformer Robert Owen, who hoped to form a utopian socialist society in response to the Industrial Revolution, but ultimately failed.

Robert Owen

Industrialist and reformer who formed New Harmony and hoped to form a utopian socialist society in response to the Industrial Revolution, but ultimately failed.

Oneida Community

Controversial cooperative community in New York started by John Humphrey Noyes in which members shared property, but also marriage partners and practiced communal child-rearing.

John Humphrey Noyes

Founder of the controversial Oneida Community, where members shared property, but also marriage partners and practiced communal child-rearing.

Fourier Phalanxes

Short-lived communal communities that formed across the United States in the 1840s based on the theories of French socialist Charles Fourier.

Charles Fourier

French socialist whose theories inspired the creation of short-lived communal communities called Fourier Phalanxes that formed across the United States in the 1840s.

George Caleb Bingham

Genre painting artist who was well known for depicting common people in various settings and carrying out domestic chores.

William S. Mount

Genre painting artist who won popularity for his lively rural compositions.

Thomas Cole

Painter of the Hudson River School art movement who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes by painting dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness.

Frederick Church

Painter of the Hudson River School art movement who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes by painting dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness.

Hudson River School

Art movement of the mid 1800s that expressed the Romantic Age's fascination with the natural world by focusing on dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness.

Washington Irving

Romanticism author who wrote fiction such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," which included a heavy focus on American natural settings.

James Fenimore Cooper

Romanticism author who wrote Leatherstocking Tales, which was a series of novels that glorified the nobility of scouts and settlers on the American frontier.

Herman Melville

Romanticism author who wrote Moby-Dick, which reflected the theological and cultural conflicts of the era through Captain Ahab's pursuit of a white whale.

Edgar Allen Poe

Romanticism author who focused on the irrational aspects of human behavior through poems and short stories such as "The Raven" and "The Tell-Tale Heart," which included mystery and horror.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that emerged in the early 1800s that focused on individual empowerment and self-determination as backlash against America's growing secularism and rationalism.

Timothy Dwight

Reverend and president of Yale College who helped spark the Second Great Awakening through his sermons on the opportunity for salvation for all people.

Charles Finney

Presbyterian minister from the Second Great Awakening known for his hell and brimstone sermons, similar to Johnathon Edwards, who preached that all could be saved through faith and good works.

Camp Meetings (Revivals)

Large religious gatherings, typically held outdoors, that attracted thousands because of the popular and dramatic preachings of various ministers.

Millennialism

Popular Christian religious belief of the early to mid 1800s that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus that continued as a new Christian denomination (Seventh-Day Adventists).

Mormons

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830 that faced persecution for their beliefs and continued moving westward until finally settling in Utah.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon Church (now known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) who led his followers westward and was murdered in Illinois by a local mob for his religious beliefs.

Brigham Young

Mormon leader who took over leadership of the Mormon Church after Joseph Smith was murdered and led the Mormons to Utah to found New Zion.

New Zion

Settlement founded by the Mormons near Great Salt Lake when they arrived in Utah after fleeing persecution in the eastern United States.

Antebellum Period

Term used to describe the time period after the War of 1812, but before the Civil War that included many reform movements, but also rising sectionalism.

Temperance

Reform movement to limit or eliminate the consumption of alcohol because of the high rate of alcohol consumption and connections to various societal ills such as crime, poverty and abuse of women.

American Temperance Society

Organization founded in 1826 by Protestant ministers and others who were concerned with drinking and tried to persuade people to take a pledge of total abstinence.

Washingtonians

Organization founded in 1840 by a group of recovering alcoholics who argued alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Influential organization founded by women that played a major role in the temperance and prohibition movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer and former schoolteacher who was horrified by the terrible treatment of the mentally ill and advocated for professional treatment and better facilities for mentally ill persons.

Thomas Gallaudet

Education reformer who opened the first school for the deaf in the United States and advocated for the creation of more schools for people with physical disabilities.

Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe

Education reformer and abolitionist who opened one of the first schools for the blind in the United States and advocated for the creation of more schools for people with physical disabilities.

Penitentiaries

New prisons built as a reform attempt, where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent, however, the high rate of prisoner suicides ended the experiment.

Asylum Movement

Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons and mental hospitals with the hope that structure and discipline would cause inmates to morally reform.

Auburn System

Penal reform experiment in New York that enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs.

Horace Mann

Education reformer from Massachusetts who advocated for free common public schools with compulsory attendance, longer school years and increased teacher preparation.

Common (Public) School Movement

Education reformers advocated for states to create and fund schools open to all students with compulsory attendance, longer school years and increased teacher preparation.

McGuffey Readers

Elementary textbooks created by an education reformer from Pennsylvania that became widely used to teach reading and morality in public schools.

Cult of Domesticity

Popular mid 1800s belief that women should provide religious and moral instruction in the home, but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society.

Sarah Grimké

Women's rights advocate and abolitionist leader who spoke out against the cult of domesticity and wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Conditions of Women

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Conditions of Women

Series of published letters written by Sarah Grimké arguing against the cult of domesticity and in favor of women's rights.

Angelina Grimké

Women's rights advocate and abolitionist leader who spoke out against the cult of domesticity along with her sister Sarah Grimké.

Lucretia Mott

Abolitionist who became a vocal women's rights advocate after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention and worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to hold the Seneca Falls Convention.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Abolitionist who became a vocal women's rights advocate after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention and worked with Lucretia Mott to hold the Seneca Falls Convention.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention held in the United States and was hosted in New York in 1848 where representatives wrote and issued the "Declaration of Sentiments."

"Declaration of Sentiments"

Womens' rights document written at the Seneca Falls Convention and based on the Declaration of Independence that listed women's grievances against discriminatory laws and customs.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights advocate and abolitionist who campaigned heavily for women's suffrage and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association.

American Colonization Society

Organization founded on the idea of transporting freed slaves to Africa to escape racism in the United States and established the African American settlement of Monrovia, Liberia.