module 8—respiratory system
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208 Terms
Primary functions of the respiratory system
exchange gases (oxygen and CO2)
produce vocal sounds
sense of smell
regulate blood pH
Respiration is the…
process of gas exchange
External respiration process
air enters the lungs > gas is exchanged with blood cells (air > blood)
Internal respiration process
blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with those tissues (blood > tissues)
Respiration
photo
Cellular respiration definition
cells use oxygen and sugars to create energy in the form of ATP
ATP is used to…
power cellular processes
What cell structure is responsible for energy production?
mitochondrion
Two branches of the respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
What structures make up the upper respiratory tract
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
What structures make up the lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchial tubes
lungs
Label the figure
The nose bones and cartilage…
support the nose
supports the nostrils
Hair in the nose…
filters large particles
Nasal cavity definition
hollow space behind the nose
Nasal septum definition
divides the nose (bone)
Deviated septum defintion
when the septum bends to one side resulting in the nose being crooked
How do plastic surgeons repair a deviated septum?
breaking and resetting the bone
What is this photo depicting?
deviated septum
Nasal concha definition
bones that divide the nasal cavity
Nasal concha characteristics
support the mucus membrane
increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior)
Mucus membrane definition
warms and moistens air
traps particles (dust)
Where do the particles that get trapped in the mucus membrane go?
stomach
Label the figure
1, 2, and 3 indicate…?
superior nasal concha
middle nasal concha
inferior nasal concha
Paranasal sinuses definition
spaces within the bones
Paranasal sinuses functions
reduce the weight of the skull
resonant chambers for voice
The paranasal sinuses are named after the bones…
maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
Label the figure
Pharynx location
behind the oral cavity
between the nasal cavity and larynx
The pharynx is a…
space, not a structure
Pharynx
Larynx definition
enlargement at the top of the trachea which houses the vocal cords
The larynx is composed of…
muscles and cartilage
What kinds of cartilage make up the larynx?
thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
cricoid cartilage
epiglottic cartilage
Label the figure
Glottis definition
part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them
The glottis affects…
voice modulation
How does the glottis affect voice modulation?
through expansion or contraction
False vocal folds function
help close airway during swallowing
True vocal folds function
produce sound
Which vocal folds are responsible for producing sound?
true vocal folds
How does the glottis move to change pitch?
contracting and relaxing the muscles
If there is increased tension in the glottis, how does that affect pitch?
higher pitch
Glottis definition/function
triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking
closes during swallowing
Epiglottis function
closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
Label the figure
Label the figure
Laryngitis definition
inflammation of the larynx that makes the voice hoarse or loss in ability to speak
Causes of laryngitis
illness
allergies
smoking
some medications
If you have chronic laryngitis, it is advised to see an…
otolaryngologist
The trachea is also known as the…
windpipe
The trachea is a…
flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing
The trachea leads to the…
bronchial tree
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
Cardiac notch definition
space for the heart in the left lung
What is the purpose of serous fluid in the lungs?
lubricates lungs during breathing
The lungs and their lobes
The flow of air starting from trachea to bronchioles
trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles
Bronchioles have air sacs called…
alveoli
Alveoli are connected to the circulatory system via…
capillaries
Alveolar duct definition
tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue that opens into a cluster of alveoli
Alveolus definition
one of the many small, grape like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts
What is the approximate diameter of an alveolus?
200 µm
What allows the alveolus to stretch during air intake?
elastic walls
The stretching of an alveolus increases…
surface area available for gas exchange
An alveolus is connected to other alveola by…
alveolar pores
Alveolar pores help maintain…
equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung
Alveolar sac definition
a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange
Lungs definition
spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity
Gas exchange 1
Gas exchange 2
Asthma is a…
chronic disease
Asthma is characterized by…
inflammation and edema of the airway
bronchospasms (constriction of the bronchioles)
The bronchospasms in asthma can…
inhibit air from entering the lungs
Asthma can cause excessive…
mucus secretion
Excessive mucus secretion from asthma further contributes to…
airway occlusion
What cells of the immune system may be involved in infiltrating the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles observed in asthma?
eosinophils
mononuclear cells
Bronchospasms occur periodically and lead to an…
asthma attack
What factors can trigger an asthma attack?
dust
pollen
pet hair/dander
changes in weather
mold
tobacco smoke
respiratory infections
exercise
stress
Breathing mechanism steps
diaphragm moves down, forcing air into airways
intercostals contract, enlarging cavity even more
surface tension in alveoli and surfactant keep them from collapsing
other muscles can force a deeper breath
relaxing the diaphragm causes elastic recoil (exhalation)
Why is the first breath for newborns the hardest?
due to lack of surfactant
The ability to breathe is dependent on the…
air pressure of the atmosphere
air pressure within the lungs
At a constant temperature, changing the volume occupied by the gas or changing the number of gas molecules…
changes the pressure
Boyle’s law states that…
pressure and volume are inversely related
Boyle’s law equations
P = k/V
P1V1 = P2V2
Pulmonary ventilation is dependent on three types of pressure:
atmospheric
intra-alveolar
intrapleural
Atmospheric pressure definition
amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface, such as the body
What unit is atmospheric pressure expressed in?
mmHg
One atm is equivalent to…
760 mmHg
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level
1 atm/760mmHg
Negative pressure is…
pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure
Positive pressure is…
pressure that is greater than the atmospheric pressure
A pressure that is equal to the atmospheric pressure is expressed as…
zero
Intra-alveolar pressure is also known as…
intrapulmonary pressure
intra-alveolar pressure definition
pressure of the air within the alveoli which changes during the different phases of breathing
The intra-alveolar pressure/intrapulmonary pressure of the alveoli always equalizes with the…
atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural pressure definition
pressure of the air within the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae
Intrapleural pressure in relation to intra-alveolar pressure/atmospheric pressure
always lower than/negative to
Intrapleural pressure fluctuates during inspiration and expiration but remains approximately…
4 mmHg throughout the breathing cycle
