chemistry paper 1

find x and empirical formula questions

mass

mr

mole

divide by smallest

mass questions

mass

mr

mol

ratio

isotope

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

isomer

molecules with the same molecular formula but different displayed formula

substitution reaction

alkanes

bromine water

orange - colourless

need UV light

+HBr

addition reaction

alkenes

no UV

double bond is weak

orange - colourless

why does - have a higher melting point than - ?

state structures and bonding

state charges

which ions have a greater charge

it has stronger electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

so needs more energy to overcome

fractional distillation process

heat crude oil in a furnace

crude oil vapourises

enters fractionating coloumn

its colder at top and hotter at bottom

crude oil rises up fractionating column

fractions cool and condense at their bpt

shorter chains have lower bpts

why is - a negative ion

more electrons than protons

electrons have a negative charge

protons have a positive charge

litmus

red - blue

sodium pottassium and ammonium salts

soluble

nitrates

soluble

chlorides except silver chloride

soluble

carbonates and hyroxides except sodium pottassium and ammonium

insluble

pheolphalien

colourless - pink

methyl orange

red - yellow

universal indicator

red -purple

fluorine

yellow gas

chlorine

green gas

bromine

dark red liquid

iodine

dark grey solid

refinery gases

cooking

gasoline

car fuel

kerosene

aircraft fuel

diesel oil

lorry fuel

fuel oil

ship fuel

bitumen

road surfacing

reactivity series anogram

proud soldiers like climbing mountains and chasing zebras in high cold snowy glaciers

cracking

600-700 degrees

silica catalyst

fermentation of ethanol conditions

30-40 degrees

anaerobic

yeast as has enzymes

hydration of ethene to form ethanol

300 degrees

60-70 atm

phosphuric acid catalyst

lithium flame test

red

sodium flame test

yellow

potassium flame test

lilac

calcium flame test

orange

copper flame test

green

ammonium with sodium hydroxide

damp red litmus goes blue with ammonia gas

copper with sodium hydroxide

blue precipitate

iron 2 with sodium hydroxide

green precipitate

iron 3 with sodium hydroxide

red precipitate

nitric acid and silver nitrate

chloride - white precipitate

bromide - cream precipitate

iodide - yellow precipitate

HCL and barium chloride

sulphate - white precipitate

HCL/nitric acid

carbonates - bubble of co2 gas and limewater goes cloudy

ammonia gas test

damp red litmus goes blue

chlorine gas test

damp litmus bleaches

simple molecular structure

non metals

covalent bonding

low mpt

buckminsterfullerene

simple molecular structure

covalent bonding

low mpt

giant covalent struture

covalent bonding

non metals

high mtp

giant ionic lattic

ionic bonding

metal and non metal

high mtp

diamond

covalent bonding

high mtp

graphite

covalent bonding

high mtp

c60 fullerene

simple molecular structure

low mpt

exothermic

energy stored in chemical bonds so is released as heat energy so temperature rises

endothermic

heat energy is taken in and stored as chemical energy in new chemical bonds so temperature falls

why cracking

higher demand for shorter hydrocarbons

increasing supply of more useful shorter fractions

alkenes are very useful for making polymers