General Biology Study Guide 1

3 states of living

• living

• dead

• non-living

Living state

is alive

Dead state

was once alive, but not anymore

Non-living state

was never alive to begin with

Characteristics of Life

• cellular organization

• evolutionary adaptation

• homeostasis

• energy processing

• growth and development

• stimulus

• reproduction

Cellular Organization

order

evolutionary adaptation

DNA

as time goes on, DNA mutates

mutation – changes in a DNA

we all came from a common ancestor

Homeostasis

regulation

Energy Processing

carbs, calories, food, protines, etc. releases energy

Growth & Development

we start making new tissue to for new organisms

Stimulus

how an organism responses to its environment

Reproduction

passing down our genes to offspring

The Unifying Themes

• Organization

• Information

• Energy & Matter

• Interactions

• Evolution

The Hierarchy of Life

• Biosphere

• Ecosystem

• Communities

• Population

• Organisms

• Organs

• Tissues

• Cells

• Organelles

• Molecules

Biosphere

Earth

Ecosystems

the living, non-living, and weather patterns of a climate of a particular regent

Communities

the living organisms

Population

everything of one particular species

Organisms

an individual of a species

Organs

the parts that make an organism

Tissues

masses of similar cells working together

Cells

the fundamental unit of life

Organelles

the parts that make up the cell

Molecules

Largest in the Hierarchy of Life

Biosphere

Smallest in the Hierarchy of Life

Molecule

Quantitative Data

based on numbers

Qualitative Data

based on description

Mixed Methods

using both qualitative and quantitative data

Independent Variable

the portion of the experiment that the researcher changes

Dependent Variable

May or may not change due to the independent variable

the portion of the experiment that is being measured

Controlled Experiment

an experimental group is compared with a control group

Controlled Group

what is staying hte same the whole experiment (is not changing)

Experimental Group

Pseudoscience

fake science

1st step of the Scientific Method

state the problem

2nd step of the Scientific Method

make a prediction

3rd step of the Scientific Method

form a hypothesis

4th step of the Scientific Method

experiment

5th step of the Scientific Method

observe and collect data

6th step of the Scientific Method

make a conclusion

3 domains of life

• Archaea

• Bacteria

• Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells

does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic Cells

has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus

Atoms

• the smallest unit

• made of subatomic particles

Dalton

how we measure teh atomic mass

Subatomic Particles of the Atom

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Proton

• positive charge (+1)

• atomic mass of 1 dalton

Neutron

• neutral charge

• atomic mass of 1 dalton

Electron

• negative charge (-1)

• atomic mass of 1/2000 dalton

Atomic Mass

# of protons + # of neutrons

Atomic Number

# of protons

Atomic Weight

Radioactive Decay

Ions

an atom where the # protons and electrons are not the same

Isotopes

atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons

Cations

protons > electrons

Anions

protons < electrons

What are the most abundant elements in the body?

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

How is Hydrogen measured?

volume

How is Oxygen measured

weight

How much Nitrogen is in the human body

97%

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

Genes

units of inheritance

Transcribe

DNA → RNA

Translate

RNA → proteins

Gene Expression

the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

What are some ways we can evaluate scientific claims for truth/accuracy?

Acid

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)

Base

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

Proton Donor

acid

Proton Acceptor

base

pH Scale

Buffer

substances that minimizes the changes of H+ and OH-

Ionic Bonds

one atom donating an electron and the other atom receiving the electron

Covalent Bonds

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Hydrogen Bonds

when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

What determines a compound being labeled as organic or inorganic?