History Changing Britain,The Era of the Great War+Weimar Germany

Reasons four overcrowding

Increase in birth rate

Less infant mortality

Improved diet

Better healthcare

Falling death rate

Immigration

housing problems. (Tenements)

Overcrowding

Lack of sanitation

Lack of sunlight

Lack of basic furniture

Flooding

No running water meant people had to collect water from stand pumps that were contaminated people shared outdoor toilets called privies and excrement was gathered in cesspools or cesspits

Rubbish was left in large rubbish piles called middens

Housing problems (terrorist housing).

Often these houses were tied/built next to factories, cotton mill or mine which could lead to dirt and pollution

Built cheaply and were of poor quality

Poor light in ventilation

Bad sanitation

Reasons for medical problems.

Cramped houses

Filthy streets dirty with sewage and rubbish piling up or overflowing in pits

Shared dry earth toilets or privies

Limited system for gathering refuse and waste

Often to Fester for months at a time

Rubbish was left to pile up alongside dwellings

Cesspools, mittens and privies attracted rats and other women

Poor die

Poor personal hygiene

Lack of healthcare

Improvement to housing

Public health act

Nuisance removal act

Artisans and labourers dwellings act

Local government act

Housing of the working classes act

Nuisance removal act

In 1855, the nuisance removal act was passed as a result of another cholera outbreak in 1853. It made overcrowding in houses illegal although the problem still continued.

Local government act

The local government act of 1858 required local authorities to

Provide and maintain public parks

Provide public bathing houses

Improve, refuse collection and waste disposal

Improve street paving and street lighting

Demolish, rundown or dangerous buildings

Artisans and labourers dwellings act

In 1875, the art designs and labourers whaling act gave local authorities the power to demolish areas of slum housing which were important conditions or had inadequate drainage or sewage disposal facilities

Housing of the working classes act

in 1890 the houses of the working class act was passed. This gave local authorities the power to shut down unhealthy houses making landlord responsible for the health of their tenants. It became illegal for landlords to let sub standard housing.

reasons for improvement in public health

public health act 1848 two 1875

Clean piped water

The Booth and Rowntree reports

New hospitals and better healthcare

Better diet

improved hygiene

Medical breakthroughs

Public health act 1848

Board of health being set up with powers to ensure local authorities took responsibility for street cleaning, refuse collection clean water supply and sewage systems

The great stink

The great stink of 1858 led to the building of London sewage system opened by the Prince of Wales in 1865

Glasgow water act

In 1855 Glasgow was provided with fresh clean water pipe from a reservoir other Scottish towns soon followed

Public health act 1875

The public health act of 1875 meant medical officers and sanitary inspectors had to be appointed in every city councils were forced to lay sewers and drains and provide fresh water. They also had to organise refuse collection.

Charles Booth

Poor people live in London

Seebohm Rowntree

Poor people that lives in York

Booth and Rowntree reports

The reports revealed that 30% of families living in London and York lived in poverties the government then took action to provide public health by introducing preschool meals and medical inspections for children old age pensions and a national insurance scheme

Flying shuttle

Allowed weavers to produce cloth up to 4 times as wide as before

Spinning Jenny

Fed eight wooden spindles meaning eight times as much thread

Water frame

Powered by a water wheel that could operate 24 hours

Spinning mule

Operated 48 spindles at once producing 300 times more thread

Steam engine

Adding gears that could be attached to engines to power machines

Power loom

Could operate 24 hours a day and produce better quality finish

Working conditions and textile factories

Long working hours

Low wages

Cruel discipline

Women and children easily bully

Fierce system of fines

Deformities

Accidents

Why the health concerns

Children in textile factories

Orphanages

No childcare

Pay

Small

Easily bullied

Jobs

Impact of factory acts

1802 factory act

1833 factory act

1847 10 hour act

1819 factory act

1844 factory act

By 1878

1802 factory act

Reduce the number of working hours but no inspectors to enforce it

1819 factory act

Illegal for under 9 to work in mills number of hours for under 16s limited

1833 factory act

Children between nine and 13 only to work eight hours a day and no more than 48 hours per week

Children between 13 and 16 only to work 12 hours per day and no more than 69 hours per week

Nightwork banned for all children

Children must not clean machinery while in motion

Minimum meal breaks of 1.5 hours for all children

1948 factory act

reduce minimum age to work in textile mills to 8

. A maximum 6.5 hour day for children under 13.

maximum 12 hour day for women and under 18s.

All machines must be fenced in.

Accidents causing death/injury had to be investigated.

Certificates of education had to be obtained for children.

1847 10 hour act

Women and young people were limited to working 10 hours per day, 58 hours per week

By 1878

Children under 10 must attend school

Children between 10 and 14 could only work half days

working conditions in coal mines

Cave-ins

Flooding

Poor ventilation

Explosions

Flooding

Accidents

Deformities

Growth of coal mines technology

Davey Lamp

Wire rope

Steam powered water pump

Rails

Steam powered coal cutting machine

Wooden pit props

Electric power

Mines act

1842 mines act

1850 coalmine inspections act

1850, 72 and 81 mines regulation act

Working hours

Trade unions

Sanitation

1842 mines act

Find all women, girls and boys under 10 from working below ground in mines

My inspector was required, but often ignored as not enough inspectors

1850 coalmines inspection act

More inspectors were appointed to intro safety rules were being followed

All accidents had to be

Enquiries had to be held after all accidents

1872 mine regulation act

Raise age limit of boys from 10 to 12.

All mine owners had to have a safety certificate and safety equipment such as lamps, fans, pit props and winding gear

1881 mines regulation act

Raise age limit of boys from 10 to 12.

All mine owners had to have a safety certificate and safety equipment such as lamps, fans, pit props and winding gear

Building of the canals

Need for better transport

expensive (land owners charged a lot)

Need constant water supply to be level

Difficult levelling wise

Thousands of men needed

Terrible weather conditions

Aqueducts had to be built

Benefits of canals

A small benefited

Farmers benefited

Thousands of work could benefited as jobs were created

Businessman and merchants made bigger profits

Tourist industry began to grow

News could spread faster across the country

Decline of canals

Canals were very slow

Canals were poorly maintained

Canal were too narrow

Canals had limited access

Canals froze over in winter

Water levels dropped in summer

Building of the railways

Marshland to be drained

Being sucked into marsh and quicksand

Had embankments had to be built using Earthstone and Brushwood to support the weight of locomotive and wagons

Cuttings had to be dug through small hills

Slippery embankments that led to many accidents and injuries

Risky use of explosives

Huge fire ducks had to be built

Great heights

Lay miles of heavy iron rails and wooden sleepers

Break up tons of rock and stone

Benefits of railway

Economic benefits

New jobs available

Farmers benefited

Call iron and steel industries benefited

Social benefits

Spread of daily newspapers

In country travel became available

Post

Reasons for 1832, 1867, and 1848 reform acts

Woman couldn’t vote and had no representation

Only men who own property could vote

Parliament dominated by wealthy land owners

No secret ballot

MPs were not payed so only the rich could become MPs

House of Lords were too powerful

1832 reform act

About 1/6 of the adult male population could now vote

More MPs were given to the industrial town such as Manchester

56 rotten and pocket boroughs were abolished

In England,boroughs constituencies of less than 4000 people were reduced from two MPs to one MP

Extra seats were given to Scottish constituencies

Elections to be held every seven years

1832 reform act (Howevers)

Women were still unable to vote

Working classes still excluded due to property qualifications

Voting was still open there was no secret ballot

Bribery and corruption remained a problem in the system

Country areas were still overrepresented compared to towns

Working people couldn’t become MPs as there was no salary

The house of lords were still too powerful

Why did so many Scots volunteer to join the British Army?

Propaganda

Personal appeals

Recruitment meetings

White feathers

Targeted recruitment (anywhere young Scottish men gathered)

Pals battalion

Good stable job

Quick

Great adventure

Conditions in trenches

What food was really available and rations were limited

Monotonous routine

Censorship

Lice and rats

Trench foot

Gangrene

Shell shock

Military tactics

over the top-infantry attack against enemy lines across no man’s land

Trench systems, barbed wire to defend from enemy attacks

Mine warfare-channelling beneath no man’s land to plant explosives

Attrition-artillery used to weigh down the enemy before an attack

creeping brush barrage-Coke coordinated attack between artillery and infantry

Using tanks and aircraft to protect infantry crossing no man’s man

What impact did new technology have on the battlefield?

GaS

Tanks

Machine guns

Aircraft

In what ways did Dora impact on peoples lives?

Pub hours were limited

For a nationals were classed as aliens

Freedom of speech was removed and newspapers were censored

British standard time was introduced

Nighttime curfew

Government took control of heavy industries

How did the government overcome food shortages ?

Rationing of goods

Propaganda aiming to convince people to save food

Price control

Substance farming

Park allotments used for food production

Ration cards

How did the role of a woman change during the war?

They became head of the household

Began to play a bigger role in politics

Fill the jobs unfilled by buying at war

Pursued further education

They had more free time

They became more independent

How was propaganda used to help the water effort?

Encourage patriotism and enthusiasm

Stir anti German sentiment

Keep morale up at the front

Booster recruitment of women in industry and nursing

Push families to save food

Why were conscientious objects against conscription?

Some absolute objected to the war on moral grounds, for example, belief in the idea that was wrong

Some people belong to religious group who were pacifist

Some soldiers became conscientious objects after the experience of the fighting

Some people believe that peace should be achieved by negotiation not fighting

Some people had political ideas which meant they believed the war was a rich man’s fight socialism

Some people opposed to war because they could not accept the increasing power of the state

How are those who were killed in World War I still remembered today?

Memorial day

Scottish national war memorial

Poems

Wearing poppies

Statues

Attending services honouring those who have passed.

Heavy industry during the war

Ship building

Iron and steel

Coal mining

Munitions

Jute

Other textiles, such as rubber

Women’s war work

Maisonettes

Women’s land army

Transporting public service

Nursing and military

Post water plan of heavy industries

Ship building

decline and demand

thousands of workers were laid off and it had a negative impact on the call and steel industry

Coal mining

Decline in demand the cheap import of coal from Poland and Germany

Strikes and protests from unpleased workers whose wages had been caught but working hours increased

Iron and steel

Drop demand from Railway in military

Cease production by the 1930s

Munitions

Diminish need for large production

Ceased production and demolish sites, then return to farmland

Jute

Lifted ban of duty production in India alongside of a client in demand

Slow decline of due production in Dundee and increase production in India

Method of suffrage is in Scotland

Peaceful and legal campaigning method

Large and more inclusive membership in Scotland

Suffragist gained the support of well-known Scottish MPs

Some feel that suffer is tactics which too easy to ignore

Campaign work

Method of the suffragettes

Marches

Hunger strike in in prison- Marion Dunlop in Perth-first

Mini suffragettes were arrested and forced creating sympathy for the cause

Winnie Wallace attacked the Prime Minister on Lossiemouth of course while he was on holiday in Scotland

Ethel Moorhead smashed windows/smashed a glass case at Wallace Monument. Through Cayenne pepper in a police constables are in Fife

And Aidan brush she was arrested for assault in Aberdeen. She was arrested for breaking the window of a motor car and in Glasgow she was arrested for housebreaking and attempted fire raising.

Fanny Parker in 1912 she joined a WSPU window smashing grid for each is arrested whilst in prison she went on hunger strike

Results of the suffragette campaign

Most people felt that the WSP use violent tactics did more harm than good

The suffragettes annoyed and embarrassed the government who support they had to get before the law could change

BUT

The suffers and less militant suffrages did manage to keep the whole nation talking about votes for women

Effect on Germany at the end of the first world War and the peace settlement

Food shortages

flu epidemic

Heavy casualties

Treaty of Versailles territory

Germany lost land to 6 neighbouring countries, Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia , Belgium, and France

Two other areas of land, the sara Valley near the border with France and dancing a city in the Polish corridor

League of Nations be set up to supervise the running of his two places

Additionally, all of Germany’s colonies overseas were taken

The terms of the treaty military

The German army was reduced to 100,000 men enough to keep order within Germany but not allow them to be involved in war with other countries

There would be no general staff, no conscription, no thanks, heavy artillery or poison gas

The area of Germany that was closest to France and bailed was to be demilitarised

The German navy would not be allowed to keep any heavy battleships. The Germans sell their ships to scatter flow in the Orkney Islands to make the Andover then scuttled them instead.

Germany was not allowed to have any Air Force of any kind

Terms of a treaty, war, guilt and reparations

The war guilt clause stated that Germany and their allies were responsible for the war

In addition disclose status that the Kaiser if captured should be put on put on trial for war crimes

The reparations close said that Germany should pay for all damage their army and navy had caused to the land property and people of Adelaide countries

No figure was agreed at Versailles after two more years of negotiation it was decided that Germany should pay 6 600 000 000

Opposition to the treaty of Versailles

Stabbed in the back

Formation characteristics of a Weimar constitution

500 MPS

Proportional representation

President would be elected in case of emergency

Guaranteed freedom for newspapers, churches, and political parties nobody wants to be arrested without a trial

Weakness of the Weimar government

Hard to get more than half of all the votes

Coalition government

President would interfere under article 48

• Economic problems of the Weimar Republic

• Hyperinflation

  Ruhr was one of Germany’s few remaining industrial areas the French and the Belgian were now taking everything made and grown produce that taking it as a reparations payment

  The German government was now faced with the collapse of the German economy as an immediate solution the German government decided to print more money