David Crystal

special

A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a ___ role that is recognized in every country

• official language

• a priority in foreign-language teaching

Special roles given to a global langue

• power of the Roman Empire

• Roman Catholicism

Latin became international because

people

A language becomes a global language because of the power of its ____.

soldier/sailor

The history of a global language can be traced through the successful expeditions of its ____ speakers

the armies of Alexander the Great

Greek became international because

Islam and the Moorish armies

Arabic became international because

Colonial policies of the Renaissance kings and queens

Spanish, Portuguese, and French became international because

economically powerful

It may take a militarily powerful nation to establish a language, but it takes an ____ ____ one to maintain and expand it.

nineteenth

By the end of the ____ century, Britain had become the world’s leading industrial and trading country.

on which the sun never sets

British political imperialism had sent English around the globe, during the nineteenth century, so that it was a language ___

pidgin

when communities begin to trade with each other, they communicate by adopting a simplified language, known as ___

• Linguistic power

• Linguistic complacency

• Linguistic death

Dangers of a Global Language

League of Nations

was the first of many modern international alliances to allocate a special place to English in its proceedings

English

the first language to be transmitted by radio

seventeenth and eighteenth

In the ____ and ___ centuries English was the language of the leadding colonial nation—Britain,

eighteenth and nineteenth

In the ___ and ___ centuries it was the language of the leader of the industrial revolution—also Britain

late nineteenth and the early twentieth

In the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ it was the language of the leading economic power—the USA

first-rank

When new technologies brought new linguistic opportunities, English emerged as a ____ language in industries which affected all aspects of society

international alliance

The world was forging fresh networks of ___ ___, and there emerged an unprecedented need for a lingua franca. Here too, there was a clear first choice

Phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics

Traditional Linguistics

• Colonial Expansion (Britain)

• Industrial Revolution (Britain)

• American Economic & Cultural Power (USA)

Three Historical Phases

Colonial Expansion

Geographic spread of English through colonization and settlement

Industrial Revolution

Expansion of English technical and scientific vocabulary alongside industrial and technological innovation

American Economic & Cultural Power

Global influence through media, business, technology, and computing