Support, Protection, Allows Movement, Stores Minerals and Fats, and Blood Cell Formation
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How many bones does an adult skeleton have?
206 Bones
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Two Basic Types of Bone Tissue
Compact Bone and Spongy Bone
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Describe Compact Bone
Homogeneous
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Describe Spongy Bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone, has open spaces
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Bones are classified as...
Long, Short, Flat, or Irregular
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Classification of Long Bones
* Typically Longer than they are wide * Shaft with heads situated at both ends * Contain mostly compact bone * All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) * Example: Femur and Humerus
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Classification of Short Bones
* Generally cube-shaped * Contain mostly spongy bone * Includes bones of the wrist and ankle * Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella) * Example: Carpals and Tarsals
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Classification of Flat Bones
* Thin, flattened, and usually curved * Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer spongy bone * Example: Skull, Ribs, and Sternum
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Classification of Irregular Bones
* Irregular shape * Does not fit into other bone classification categories * Example: Vertebrae and Hip Bones
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Anatomy of a Long Bone (2)
- Diaphysis and Epiphysis
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What is Diaphysis?
Shaft and composed of compact bone
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What is Epiphysis?
Ends of the bone and composed of mostly spongy bone
* Outside covering of the diaphysis * Fibrous connective tissue membrane
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What are Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers?
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
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What do Arteries do?
Supply bone cells with nutrients
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What is Articular Cartilage and what does it do?
* Covers the external surface of the epiphyses * Made of hyaline cartilage * Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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What is Epiphyseal Plate?
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
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What is Epiphyseal Line?
* Remnant of the epiphyseal plate * Seen in adult bones
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What is Marrow (Medullary) Cavity?
* Cavity inside of the shaft * Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults * Contains red marrow for blood cell formation
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Bone Markings
Surface features of the bones
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What are the two categories of bone markings?
* Projections/Processes: grow out from the bone surface * Depressions/Cavities: indentations
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Bone markings are sites of attachments for? (3)
Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments
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Bone markings are also passages for nerves and blood vessels. (T/F)
TRUE
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3 Parts of the Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
Osteon (Haversian system), Central (Haversian) canal, and Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
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Describe the Osteon (Haversian system)
A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
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Describe the Central (Haversian) canal
* Opening in the center of an osteon * Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Describe the Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
* Canal perpendicular to the central canal * Carries blood vessels and nerves
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3 Parts of the Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae, Lamallae, and Canaliculi
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Describe Lacunae
* Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) * Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae
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Describe Lamallae
* Rings around the central canal * Sites of lacunae
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Describe Canaliculi
* Tiny canals * Radiate from the central canal to lacunae * Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
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In embryos, the skeleton is primarily \_______?
Hyaline cartilage
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During development, bone is replaced by cartilage. (T/F)
FALSE. During development, much of hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone.
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Cartilage remains in isolated as ...
* Bridge of a nose * Parts of ribs * Joints
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What does bone growth (Ossification) allow?
Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bone during childhood
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How does the bone growth happen?
* Older cartilage ossified * Cartilage is broken * Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity * Bone replaces cartilage through the action osteoblasts * Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
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Bones are remodeled in response of two factors, what are they?
* Blood calcium levels * Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
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What is Appositional Growth?
Bones grow in width
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Types of Bone Cells
* Osteocytes: mature bone cells * Osteoblasts: bone forming cells * Osteoclasts: giant bone destroying cells (break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone)
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Which two types of cells perform in bone remodeling?
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
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What is a Fracture?
Break in a bone
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Two Types of Bone Fractures
* Closed (simple) fracture: break that does not penetrate the skin * Open (compound) fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skin
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How are bone fractures treated?
Reduction and Immobilization
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Comminuted Fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
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* Compression Fracture
bone is crushed
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Depressed Fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
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Impacted Fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
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Spiral Fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
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Greenstick Fracture
bone breaks incompletely
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The Axial Skeleton does what?
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
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What are the three parts of the Axial Skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral Column, and Bony Thorax
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What are the two sets of bones in the skull?
Cranium and Facial Bones
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Bones are joined by \______?
Sutures
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(T/F) Only the mandible is attached by a restricted movable joint
FALSE, Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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What types of bones surround the nasal cavity?
Hollow portions of bones
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What are the functions of paranasal sinuses? (2)
* Lighten bone * Give resonance/amplification to voice
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What bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?
The hyoid bone
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What are the functions of the hyoid bone? (2)
* Serves as a moveable base for the tongue * Aids in swallowing and speech
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An infant's fetal skull is \____ body length compared to an adult skull which is \____ body length.
1/4, 1/8
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What are fontanels?
Fibrous membranes connecting to the cranial bones
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What are the functions of the fontanels? (3)
* Allow skull compression during birth * Allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy * Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
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There are \___ single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs
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Seven \______ vertebrae are in the neck
Cervical
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Twelve \_____ vertebrae are in the chest region
Thoracic
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Five \_____ vertebrae are associated with the lower back
Lumbar
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Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones, which are?
Sacrum and Coccyx
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Where are the primary curvatures located? (spinal curvatures)
Thoracic and Sacral regions
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(T/F) Curvatures are present from birth
TRUE
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What shape are primary curvatures in newborns?
C-shaped
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Secondary curvatures are located where? (spinal curvatures)
Cervical and Lumbar regions
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(T/F) Secondary curvatures develop before birth.
FALSE, they develop after birth
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What shape are secondary curvatures on adults?
S-shaped
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The sacrum is formed by the fusion/blend of how many vertebrae?
5
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It is formed from the fusion/blend of 3-5 vertebrae.
Coccyx
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Coccyx is the fancy word for?
Tailbone (or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have)
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A typical vertebrae has what? (6)
* Body * Vertebral Arch (pedicle and lamina) * Vertebral Foramen * Transverse Processes * Spinous Process * Superior and Inferior Articular Processes
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What does the body thorax do for the body?
Forms a cage to protect major organs
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3 Parts That Make Up the Body Thorax
Sternum, Ribs, and Thoracic Vertebrae
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How many pairs do true ribs have?
1-7 pairs
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How many pairs do false ribs have?
8-12 pairs
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How many pairs do floating ribs have?
11-12 pairs
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(T/F) The appendicular skeleton is composed of 100 bones.
FALSE, 126 bones
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What are three things that make up the appendicular skeleton?
The clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade) compose what?
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
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How does the clavicle fit in the body? (how is it placed?)
Articulates with the sternum medially and with the scapula laterally.
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How is the scapula placed?
Articulates with the clavicle at the acromiclavicular joint and articulates with the arm bone at the glenoid cavity.
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What does the clavicle and scapula do for the body?
These bones allow the upper limb to have free movement.
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Bones of the Upper Limbs (3)
* Humerus * Forearm (Ulna/Radius) * Hand
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Explain the Humerus (4)
* Forms the arm * Single bone * Proximal end articulation (head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula) * Distal end articulation (trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the forearm)
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Explain the Forearm (Ulna and Radius)
ULNA: (the thinner bone, outside)
* Medial bone in anatomical position * Proximal end articulation (coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus)
RADIUS:
* Lateral bone in anatomical position * Proximal end articulation (head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus)
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What are the three parts that make up the hand?
* Carpals * Metacarpals * Phalanges
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Explain each part of the hand (3)
CARPALS (wrist): 8 bones arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones in each hand
METACARPALS (palm): 5 per hand
PHALANGES (fingers and thumb): 14 phalanges in each hand, 3 bones each finger, 2 bones in thumb
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What is formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones?
Pelvic Girdle
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The Pelvic Girdle is composed of three pairs of fused bones, what are they?