AP Psych Unit 9 Study Guide

rip

placenta

transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste

male puberty indicators

voice deepens, facial hair

female puberty indicators

breast development, menstruation

male milestones

growth spurts, reproductive maturity

temperament

individual’s emotional reactivity and intensity, relatively stable

comparing siblings

best way to test temperament

sperm production

produced conitinuously

egg production

present since birth

brain scans

fMRI, MRI, EEG, CAT

fMRI

for active brain areas and is best for active regions

MRI

for structural images

EEG

for electrical activity

CAT

for detailed x-rays

attachment stage

trust vs mistrust is most concerned with attachment

trust vs mistrust

0-1 year, infants develop trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection, attachment is crucial

autonomy vs shame and doubt

1-3 years, children develop personal control and independence

initiative vs guilt

3-6 years, children begin asserting control and power over their environment

industry vs inferiority

6-12 years, children learn to cope with social and academic demands to develop competence

identity vs role confusion

12-18 years, teens explore their identity and develop a sense of self

intimacy vs isolation

18-40 years, young adults form close relationships and seek intimate connections

generativity vs stagnation

40-65 years, adults contribute to society and support future generations

integrity vs despair

65+ years, older adults reflect on their lives, feeling either fulfillment or regret

zygote

0-2 weeks of human formation

embryo

3-8 weeks of human formation

fetus

9 weeks to birth of human formation

authortarian

high expectations, low emotional support (memorization aid: most a’s = a**hole)

authoritative

balanced, best outcomes, high expectations, high emotional support

permissive

low expectations, high emotional support

dopamine

neurotransmitter related to schizophrenia (excess) and parkinson’s (deficit)

ACH

neurotransmitter related to alzheimer’s

formal operational thinking

abstract reasoning with hypothetical thinking

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

sympathetic activates while parasympathetic slows

frontal

decision making lobe

parietal

touch lobe

occipital

visiual lobe

temporal

hearing lobe

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs

secondary sex characteristics

body hair, voice change

testosterone

male traits (hormone)

estrogen

female traits (hormone)

piaget

cognitive stage theorist

erikson

psychosocial stage theorist

vygotsky

sociocultural stage theorist

bronfenbrenner

ecological stage theorist

egocentrism

in the preoperational stage

conservation

in the concrete operational stage

developmental psychology

study of growth, change, and stability across lifespan

mother’s voice

a newborn’s favorite sound due to prenatal exposure

newborn abilities

reflexes of rooting, sucking, grasping, and moro (startled)

newborn preferences

faces

secure attachment symptoms

exploration and seeking comfort

insecure attachment symptoms

avoiding or clinging

teratogen

harmful substance affecting fetal development

smoking effects

during pregnancy, causes low birth weight

drinking effects

during pregnancy, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and cognitive deficits

gender roles

societal expectations for behavior

socialization

gender roles are learned through this

longitudinal study

same group over time

cross sectional study

different ages at one time

gender identity

personal sense

gender

societal roles

continuity theories

continuous is gradual

stage theories

stages are in distinct phases

theory of mind

understanding others’ thoughts and feelings

egocentrism

difficulty seeing others’ perspectives and is common in young children

diana baumrind

parenting styles researcher

nature vs nurture

genetic vs environmental influences on development

gender role example

boys play with trucks and girls dolls

hypothalamus/endocrine system

regulates hormones via the pituitary gland

conservation

in piaget’s stages, concrete operational, understanding quantity remains constant

natural selection

a reproductive advantage trait

xx

female genetic makeup

xy

male genetic makeup

sensorimotor

piaget’s 0-2 year stage with object permanence

preoperational

piaget’s 2-7 year stage with egocentrism

concrete operational

piaget’s 7-11 year stage with cognitive conservation

formal operational

piaget’s 12+ year stage with abstract thought

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

cognitive impairments and facial abnormalities due to mother’s drinking during pregnancy

brocas area

speech production brain structure

wernickes area

comprehension brain structure

speech structure mnemonic

broca speaks, wernicke understands

habituation

decreased response to repeated stimuli, infants lose interest over time

11

female puberty onset age

13

male puberty onset age

dendrites

receive

axon

transmits

synapse

connects

neuron mnemonic

DAS - dendrite, axon, synapse

prefrontal cortex

the last brain region to develop which controls decision-making

harlow’s monkey study

monkeys preferred cloth mother for comfort over wire mother displaying maternal deprivation and isolation

critical period

optimal learning window, missing it would hinder language development (feral children)

assimilation

fit new info into schemas

accommodation

change schemas

sexual orientation

enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction

temperament stability

relatively consistent across lifespans

schemas

mental framework

faces

a newborn’s visual preference, especially of a caregiver

identical twins

one egg splits

fraternal twins

two eggs are fertalized

abuse cycle

abused individuals are morel likely to become abusers