[HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS] & [INTERPERSONAL THEORY] & [POST-FREUDIAN THEORY]

\[HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS\]

• EMPHASIZES THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOBIOLOGICAL FACTORS, HISTORY, ECONOMICS, AND CLASS STRUCTURE

• ASSUMES THAT HUMANITY’S SEPARATION FROM THE NATURAL WORLD HAS PRODUCED FEELINGS OF LONELINESS AND ISOLATION A CONDITION CALLED BASIC ANXIETY

•LOOKS AT PEOPLE FROM A HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE RATHER THAN A STRICTLY PSYCHOLOGICAL ONE

• LESS CONCERNED WITH THE INDIVIDUAL AND MORE CONCERNED WITH THOSE CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO A CULTURE

• A COMBINATION OF WEAK INSTINCTS AND A HIGHLY DEVELOPED BRAIN MAKES HUMAN DISTINCT FROM ALL OTHER ANIMALS

o TO ESCAPE FROM FREEDOM INTO INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCIES

o OR TO MOVE TO SELF-REALIZATION THROUGH PRODUCTIVE LOVE AND WORK

THE ISOLATION WROUGHT BY CAPITALISM LEAVES PEOPLE WITH TWO ALTERNATIVES:

HUMAN DILEMMA

o HUMANS HAVE NO POWERFUL INSTINCTS TO ADAPT TO A CHANGING WORLD BUT THEY HAVE ACQUIRED THE FACILITY TO REASON

THE HUMAN ABILITY TO REASON IS BOTH

A BLESSING AND A CURSE

EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMIES

o REASON PERMITS PEOPLE TO SURVIVE, BUT ALSO FORCES THEM TO ATTEMPT TO SOLVE BASIC INSOLUBLE DICHOTOMIES

o ARE ROOTED IN PEOPLE’S VERY EXISTENCE

LIFE AND DEATH

FIRST EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMY

SELF-AWARENESS AND REASON TELLS US THAT WE WILL DIE BUT WE TRY TO POSTULATE LIFE AFTER DEATH

THE GOAL OF COMPLETE SELF-REALIZATION AND LIFE IS TOO SHORT

SECOND EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMY

SOME PEOPLE TRY TO SOLVE THIS DICHOTOMY BY ASSUMING THAT THEIR OWN HISTORICAL PERIOD IS THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMANITY

PEOPLE ARE ULTIMATELY ALONE, YET WE CANNOT TOLERATE ISOLATION

THIRD EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMY

PEOPLE ARE AWARE THAT THEY ARE SEPARATE INDIVIDUALS BUT THEY BELIEVE THAT THEIR HAPINESS DEPENDS ON UNITING WITH THEIR FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS

EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMY, THE GOAL OF COMPLETE SELF-REALIZATION AND LIFE IS TOO SHORT, PEOPLE ARE ULTIMATELY ALONE, YET WE CANNOT TOLERATE ISOLATION

3 EXISTENTIAL DICHOTOMY

\[HUMAN NEEDS\]

ONLY THE DISTINCTIVE HUMAN NEEDS CAN MOVE PEOPLE TOWARD A REUNION WITH THE NATURAL WORLD

THESE EXISTENTIAL NEEDS HAVE EMERGED DURING THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN CULTURE

RELATEDNESS

the drive for union with another person or other persons.

(1) Relatedness (2) Transcendence (3) Rootedness (4) sense of Identity (5) Frame of orientation

Human Needs:

love and submission/domination

2 parts of relatedness

love

Fromm believed that ____ is the only route by which a person can become united with the world and, at the same time, achieve individuality and integrity.

care, responsibility, respect, knowledge

relatedness - love 4 parts

wholeness, fixation

2 parts of rootedness

2 parts of sense of identity

individuality, adjustment for a group

Rational goals, irrational goals

2 parts Frame of Orientation

receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing

A. 4 Nonproductive

work, love, thinking

3 productive

necrophilia, malignant narcissism, incestuous symbiosis

3 personality disorders

Transcendence

THE URGE TO RISE ABOVE A PASSIVE AND ACCIDENTAL EXISTENCE AND INTO THE REALM OF PURPOSEFULNESS AND FREEDOM

creativeness and destructiveness

2 parts of transcendence

People can transcend their passive nature by either creating life or by destroying it.

malignant aggression

transcendence - destructiveness subdivision

that is, to kill for reasons other than survival.

ROOTEDNESS

THE NEED TO ESTABLISH ROOTS OR TO FEEL AT HOME AGAIN IN THE WORLD

PEOPLE ARE WEANED FROM THE ORBIT OF THEIR MOTHER AND BECOME FULLY BORN, THEY ACTIVELY AND CREATIVELY RELATE TO THE WORLD AND BECOME WHOLE OR INTEGRATED

SENSE OF IDENTITY

THE CAPACITY TO BE AWARE OF OURSELVES AS A SEPARATE ENTITY

• IN AGREEMENT WITH MARX, FROMM BELIEVED THAT THE RISE OF CAPITALISM HAS GIVEN PEOPLE MORE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FREEDOM

• WITHOUT A SENSE OF IDENTITY, PEOPLE COULD NOT RETAIN THEIR SANITY

FRAME OF ORIENTATION

• BEING SPLIT OFF FROM NATURE, HUMANS NEED A ROAD MAP, A FRAME OF ORIENTATION, TO MAKE THEIR WAY THROUGH THE WORLD

• IT ENABLES PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE THE VARIOUS STIMULI THAT IMPINGE ON THEM

• EVERY PERSON HAS A PHILOSOPHY, A CONSISTENT WAY OF LOOKING AT THINGS

\[CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS\]

• A PERSON’S RELATIVELY PERMANENT WAY OF RELATING TO PEOPLE AND THINGS

• FROMM DEFINED PERSONALITY AS THE TOTALITY OF INHERITED AND ACQUIRED PSYCHIC QUALITIES WHICH ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF ONE INDIVIDUAL AND WHICH MAKE THE INDIVIDUAL UNIQUE

RECEPTIVE, EXPLOITATIVE, HOARDING, MARKETING,

NONPRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS

RECEPTIVE

o THEY FEEL THAT THE SOURCE OF ALL GOOD LIES OUTSIDE THEMSELVES AND THAT THE ONLY WAY THEY CAN RELATE TO WORLD IS TO RECEIVE THINGS

o THEY ARE MORE CONCERNED WITH RECEIVING THAN GIVING

EXPLOITATIVE

o THEY AGGRESSIVELY TAKE WHAT THEY DESIRE RATHER THAN PASSIVELY RECEIVE IT

o THEY ARE WILLING TO EXPRESS AN OPINION, BUT IT IS USUALLY AN OPINION THAT HAS BEEN PILFERED

HOARDING

o THEY SEEK TO SAVE THAT WHICH THEY HAVE ALREADY OBTAINED

o THEY HOLD EVERYTHING INSIDE AND DO NOT LET GO OF ANYTHING

o THEY TEND TO LIVE IN THE PAST AND ARE REPELLED BY ANYTHING NEW

MARKETING

o AN OUTGROWTH OF MODERN COMMERCE IN WHICH TRADE IS NO LONGER PERSONAL BUT CARRIED OUT BY LARGE, FACELESS CORPORATIONS

o THEY SEE THEMSELVES AS COMMODITIES AND THEIR PERSONAL VALUE DEPENDS ON THEIR ABILITY TO SELL THEMSELVES

o THEY MUST MAKE OTHERS BELIEVE THAT THEY ARE SKILLFUL AND SALABLE

o WORKING o LOVING o REASONING

THE 3 DIMENSIONS of PRODUCTIVE ORIENTATION

WORK

HEALTHY PEOPLE VALUE _____ NOT AS AN END IN ITSELF, BUT AS A MEANS OF CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION

o THEY USE _____ AS A MEANS OF PRODUCING LIFE’S NECESSITIES

LOVE

PRODUCTIVE ____ IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOUR QUALITIES OF LOVE WHICH ARE CARE, RESPONSIBILITY, RESPECT, AND KNOWLEDGE

BIOPHILIA

A PASSIONATE LOVE OF LIFE AND ALL THAT IS ALIVE

\[PERSONALITY DISORDERS\]

FROMM HELD THAT PSYCHOLOGICALLY DISTURBED PEOPLE ARE INCAPABLE OF LOVE AND HAVE FAILED TO ESTABLISH UNION WITH OTHERS

NECROPHILIA

• MEANS LOVE OF DEATH AND USUALLY REFERS TO A SEXUAL PERVERSION IN WHICH A PERSON DESIRES SEXUAL CONTACT WITH A CORPSE

• IT IS AN ALTERNATIVE CHARACTER ORIENTATION TO BIOPHILIA

MALIGNANT NARCISSISM

• EVERYTHING BELONGING TO A NARCISSISTIC PERSON IS HIGHLY VALUED AND EVERYTHING BELONGING TO ANOTHER IS DEVALUED

INCESTUOUS SYMBIOSIS

• AN EXTREME DEPENDENCE ON THE MOTHER OR MOTHER SURROGATE

• PEOPLE ARE INSEPARABLE FROM THE HOST PERSON, THEIR PERSONALITIES ARE BLENDED WITH THE OTHER PERSON AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL IDENTITIES ARE LOST

• FROMM AGREED MORE WITH HARRY STACK SULLIVAN SUGGESTING THAT ATTACHMENT TO THE MOTHER RESTS ON THE NEED FOR SECURITY AND NOT FOR SEX

C)feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness.

Fromm believed that the rise of capitalism has contributed to

A)the growth of personal freedom.

B)a greater degree of happiness among people.

C)feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness.

D)higher levels of community cohesion.

B)Thomas More

Which of these people was NOT an important influence on Fromm's thinking?

A)Freud

B)Thomas More

C)Karl Marx

D)Johann J. Bachofen

E)Karen Horney

B)the human dilemma.

One of Fromm's basic assumptions is that people have been torn away from a union with nature, and lacking adequate animal instincts, they must rely on reason. This condition is called

A)the rational imperative.

B)the human dilemma.

C)manifest destiny.

D)transcendence

A)responsibility.

According to Fromm, the four basic elements in love are knowledge, care, respect, and

A)responsibility.

B)affection.

C)interest.

D)cooperation

B)rise above their passive and accidental existence.

Transcendence is the need for humans to

A)seek self-realization in a basically sick society.

B)rise above their passive and accidental existence.

C)move beyond their human nature and into the realm of superhumans.

D)feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are constantly geographically mobile.

C)feel at home again in the world.

Rootedness is the need for humans to

A)remain fixed in their relationship with their parents.

B)rise above their passive and accidental existence.

C)feel at home again in the world.

D)return to their pre-human past.

E)feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are forever geographically mobile.

C)make their way through the world.

Fromm believed that a frame of orientation is necessary in order for people to

A)achieve personal identity.

B)achieve group cohesiveness.

C)make their way through the world.

D)rise above their animal nature.

D)none of the above.

When existential needs are not satisfied, people will

A)become motivated by human needs.

B)become motivated by essential needs.

C)develop extraordinary willpower.

D)none of the above.

A)people.

According to Fromm, the freaks of the universe are

A)people.

B)women.

C)planets.

D)snakes.

E)both a and b

In Fromm's view, people with basic anxiety

A)suffer from the burden of freedom.

B)express their anxiety through moving away from people.

C)eventually suffer a psychotic break.

D)represent a small minority of all people.

E)both a and b

B)sadism and masochism

\
Authoritarianism may take these two forms:

A)power and destruction

B)sadism and masochism

C)love and hate

D)effective and ineffective

A)positive freedom.

\
The spontaneous activity of a healthy individual represents

A)positive freedom.

B)essential freedom.

C)existential chaos.

D)transcendence

A)work and love.

The two components of positive freedom are

A)work and love.

B)thought and action.

C)faith and hope.

D)desire and restraint.

A)hoarding

Freud's anal character is similar to Fromm's ______ character.

A)hoarding

B)marketing

C)exploitative

D)receptive

C)marketing

Which nonproductive characters is a product of modern commerce?

A)hoarding

B)exploitative

C)marketing

D)receptive

B)a passionate love of life.

Biophilia is

A)the psychic illness of the modern age.

B)a passionate love of life.

C)the principal component of the syndrome of decay.

D)an erotic desire to hoard one's childhood toys.

D)lack of rootedness.

Fromm believed that psychopathology stems from

A)unconscious guilt.

B)modes of assimilation.

C)modes of socialization.

D)lack of rootedness.

B)devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.

People who suffer from malignant narcissism

A)tend to be sadistic in their relations with others.

B)devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.

C)usually possess a strong mother fixation.

D)are characterized by necrophilia and the loss of self-identity.

D)is preoccupied with guilt.

A person with moral hypochondriasis

A)is overly concerned with physical symptoms.

B)is overly concerned with psychological symptoms.

C)suffers from the syndrome of decay.

D)is preoccupied with guilt.

B)moral hypochondriasis.

Which of these is NOT part of Fromm's syndrome of decay?

A)malignant narcissism.

B)moral hypochondriasis.

C)incestuous symbiosis.

D)necrophilia.

D)marketing

Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have developed the SCOI to measure Fromm's _______ character.

A)hoarding

B)exploitative

C)receptive

D)marketing

D)be angry, depressed, and anxious.

Recent research indicates that people who score high on a measure of the marketing character tend to

A)value cooperation over competition.

B)have many of the same personality traits as do people with the exploitative orientation.

C)reside in agricultural nations.

D)be angry, depressed, and anxious.

B)differences between humans and other animals.

\
In his concept of humanity, Erich Fromm emphasized

A)neuroses.

B)differences between humans and other animals.

C)similarities between women and men.

D)the human need to achieve self-actualization.

prototaxic, parataxic, syntaxic

levels of cognition - sullivan

tension

potential for action

action

energy transformation

action - covert/overt behaviors

\-aimed at *satisfying needs and reducing anxiety*

needs (productive), anxiety (non-productive)

2 things under “tension”

\[INTERPERSONAL THEORY\]

• WITHOUT OTHER PEOPLE, HUMANS WOULD HAVE NO PERSONALITY

• HE INSISTED THAT KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN PERSONALITY CAN BE GAINED ONLY THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, JUVENILE ERA,

PREADOLESCENCE, EARLY ADOLESCENCE,

LATE ADOLESCENCE, AND ADULTHOOD

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES:

TENSIONS

HE SAW PERSONALITY AS AN ENERGY SYSTEM AND CAN BOTH EXIST AS: ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS and TENSION

ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS

TRANSFORM TENSIONS INTO EITHER COVERT OR OVERT BEHAVIORS AND ARE AIMED AT SATISFYING NEEDS AND REDUCING ANXIETY

TENSION

▪ IS A POTENTIALITY FOR ACTION THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE EXPERIENCED IN AWARENESS

▪ THUS, NOT ALL TENSIONS ARE CONSCIOUSLY FELT

NEEDS

• ARE TENSIONS BROUGHT ON BY BIOLOGICAL IMBALANCE BETWEEN A PERSON AND THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE ORGANISM

• THEY ARE EPISODIC AND ARE LIKELY RO RECUR

ANXIETY

• ANXIETY IS DISJUNCTIVE, MORE DIFFUSE AND VAGUE, IT CALLS FORTH NO CONSISTENT ACTIONS FOR ITS RELIEF

• IF AN INFANT ARE ANXIOUS, THEY CAN DO LITTLE TO ESCAPE FROM THAT ANXIETY

• HE INSISTED THAT ANXIETY AND LONELINESS ARE UNIQUE AMONG ALL EXPERIENCES IN THAT THEY ARE TOTALLY UNWANTED AND UNDESIRABLE

• DUE TO THIS, PEOPLE HAVE A NATURAL TENDENCY TO AVOID IT

ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS

• TENSIONS THAT ARE TRANSFORMED INTO ACTIONS

• REFERS TO OUR BEHAVIORS THAT ARE AIMED AT SATISFYING NEEDS AND REDUCING ANXIETY

• THEY CAN BE OVERT BEHAVIORS THAT CAN BE HIDDEN FROM OTHER PEOPLE

DYNAMISMS

ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS THAT BECAME ORGANIZED AS TYPICAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS

MALEVOLENCE - DISJUNCTIVE

• IS THE DISJUNCTIVE DYNAMISM OF EVIL AND HATRED

• CHARACTERIZED BY THE FEELING OF LIVING AMONG ONE’S ENEMIES

• ORIGINATES AROUND 2 OR 3 YEARS WHEN MATERNAL TENDERNESS ARE REBUFFED, IGNORED, OR MET WITH ANXIETY AND PAIN

INTIMACY - CONJUNCTIVE

• GROWS OUT OF THE EARLIER NEED FOR TENDERNESS AND INVOLVES A CLOSE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE MORE OR LESS OF EQUAL STATUS

• IT DEVELOPS PRIOR TO PUBERTY, IDEALLY DURING PREADOLESCENCE

• DOES NOT USUALLY EXIST IN PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS

LUST - ISOLATING

• IT IS AN ISOLATING TENDENCY REQUIRING NO OTHER PERSON FOR ITS SATISFACTION

• A POWERFUL DYNAMISM DURING ADOLESCENCE WHICH OFTEN LEADS TO A REDUCTION OF SELF-ESTEEM

LUSTFUL ACTIVITES ARE REBUFFED BY OTHERS WHICH INCREASES ANXIETY AND DECREASES FEELINGS OF SELF-WORTH

• IT ALSO HINDERS INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP AND IS EASILY CONFUSED WITH SEXUAL ATTRACTION DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE

SELF-SYSTEM - CONJUCTIVE

• A CONSISTENT PATTERN OF BEHAVIORS THAT MAINTAINS PEOPLE’S INTERPERSONAL SECURITY BY PROTECTING THEM FROM ANXIETY

• DEVELOPS EARLIER THAN INTIMACY AT ABOUT AGE 12 TO 18 MONTHS

• AS THE SELF-SYSTEM DEVELOPS, PEOPLE BEGIN TO FORM A CONSISTENT IMAGE OF THEMSELVES

DISSOCIATION, SELECTIVE INATTENTION

2 SECURITY OPERATIONS

DISSOCIATION

▪ IMPULSES, DESIRES, AND NEEDS THAT A PERSON REFUSES TO ALLOW INTO AWARENESS

▪ MANIFEST THEMSELVES IN DREAMS, DAYDREAMS, AND OTHER UNINTENTIONAL ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE OF AWARENESS

SELECTIVE INATTENTION

▪ THE CONTROL OF FOCAL AWARENESS

▪ REFUSAL TO SEE THINGS THAT WE DO NOT WISH TO SEE

▪ ARE MORE ACCESSIBLE TO AWARENESS AND MORE LIMITED IN SCOPE

PERSONIFICATIONS

• PEOPLE ACQUIRE CERTAIN IMAGES OF THEMSELVES AND OTHERS THROUGHOUT VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

• THESE IMAGES ARE CALLED ___

• THEY MAY BE GROSSLY DISTORTED AND ARE COLORED BY PEOPLE’S NEEDS AND ANXIETIES

BAD-MOTHER, GOOD-MOTHER

• SIMILAR TO KLEIN’S CONCEPT OF THE BAD BREAST AND GOOD BREAST

• THE BAD-MOTHER PERSONIFICATION IS FORMED WHEN THE “NIPPLE” OR THE MOTHER DOES NOT SATISFY HUNGER NEEDS

• AN INFANT WILL ACQUIRE A GOOD MOTHER PERSONIFICATION BASED ON THE TENDER AND COOPERATIVE BEHAVIORS OF THE MOTHERING ONE

THESE COMBINE TO FORM A COMPLEX PERSONIFICATION COMPOSED OF CONTRASTING QUALITIES PROJECTED ONTO THE SAME PERSON

ME PERSONIFICATIONS

OCCURS DURING MID-INFANCY WHEREIN AN INFANT ACQUIRES THREE ME PERSONIFICATIONS THAT FORM THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE SELF PERSONIFICATION

BAD-ME

o FASHIONED FROM EXPERIENCES OF PUNISHMENT AND DISAPPROVAL

o THE RESULTING ANXIETY IS STRONG ENOUGH TO TEACH INFANTS THAT THEY ARE BAD

o IT IS SHAPED OUT OF THE INTERPERSONAL SITUATION AND INFANTS CAN LEARN THAT THEY ARE BAD ONLY FROM SOMEON ELSE

GOOD-ME

o RESULTS FROM INFANTS’EXPERIENCES WITH REWARD AND APPROVAL

o INFANTS FEELS GOOD ABOUT THEMSELVES WHEN THEY PERCEIVE THEIR MOTHER’S EXPRESSIONS OF TENDERNESS

o SUCH EXPERIENCES DIMINISHES ANXIETY AND FOSTER THE GOOD-ME PERSONALITY

NOT-ME

o CAUSED BY SUDDEN SEVERE ANXIETY AND RESULTS TO EITHER DISSOCIATION AND SELECTIVE INATTENTION

o AN INFANT DENIES THESE EXPERIENCES AND BECOME PART OF THE NOT-ME PERSONIFICATION

EIDETIC PERSONIFICATIONS

• UNREALISTIC TRAITS OR IMAGINARY FRIENDS THAT MANY CHILDREN INVENT IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEIR SELF-ESTEEM

• IMAGINARY FRIENDS MAY BE AS SIGNIFICANT TO A CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT AS REAL PLAYMATES

LEVELS OF COGNITION

REFERS TO WAYS OF PERCEIVING, IMAGINING, AND CONCEIVING

PROTOTAXIC LEVEL

• EARLIEST AND MOST PRIMITIVE EXPERIENCES OF AN INFANT

• THESE EXPERIENCES CANNOT BE COMMUNICATED TO OTHERS, THEREFORE THESE EXPERIENCES RELATE TO DIFFERENT ZONE OF THE BODY

PARATAXIC LEVEL

• ARE PRELOGICAL AND USUALLY RESULT WHEN A PERSON ASSUMES A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO EVENTS THAT OCCUR COINCIDENTALLY

• THEY CAN BE COMMUNICATED TO OTHERS ONLY IN A DISTORTED FASHION

SYNTAXIC LEVEL

• EXPERIENCES THAT ARE CONSENSUALLY VALIDATED AND CAN BE SYMBOLICALLY COMMUNICATED

o CONSENSUALLY VALIDATED MEANS DIFFERENT PEOPLE MORE OR LESS AGREE ON THEIR MEANING

• COMMON SYMBOLS INCLUDE LANGUAGE, WORDS, AND GESTURES

INFANCY

• BEGINS AT BIRTH AND CONTIUES USUALLY AT ABOUT AGE 18 TO 24 MONTHS

• AN INFANT BECOMES HUMAN THROUGH TENDERNESS RECEIVED FROM THE MOTHERING ONE

• THE SATISFACTION OF NEARLY EVERY HUMAN NEED DEMANDS THE COOPERATION OF ANOTHER PERSON

• INFANTS CANNOT SURVIVE WITHOUT A MOTHERING ONE

CHILDHOOD

• BEGINS WITH THE ADVENT OF SYNTAXIC LANGUAGE AND CONTINUES UNTIL THE APPEARANCE OF THE NEED FOR PLAYMATES

• THE MOTHER REMAINS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT OTHER PERSON

• THE DUAL PERSONIFICATIONS OF MOTHER ARE NOW FUSED INTO ONE, AND THE CHILD’S PERCEPTION IS MORE CONGRUENT WITH THE “REAL” MOTHER

JUVENILE ERA

• BEGINS WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE NEED FOR PEERS OR PLAYMATES OF EQUAL STATUS AND ENDS WHEN ONE FINDS A PERSON TO SATISFY THE NEED FOR INTIMACY

PREADOLESCENCE

• BEGINS AT AGE 8 ½ AND ENFS WITH ADOLESCENCE, A TIME FOR INTIMACY WITH ONE PARTICULAR PERSON

• ALL PRECEDING STAGES HAVE BEEN EGOCENTRIC AND BASED ON SELF-INTEREST, HOWEVER THIS TIME PEOPLE TAKES A GENUINE INTEREST IN THE OTHER PERSON

• THE OUTSTANDING CHARACTERISTIC OF PREADOLESCENCE IS THE GENESIS OF THE CAPACITY TO LOVE

• DURING THIS PERIOD, INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE BASED ON INTIMACY AND LOVE UNLIKE PREVIOUSLY THAT IS BASED ON THE PERSONAL NEED SATISFACTION

• INTIMACY INVOLVES THE TWO PARTNERS TO CONSENSUALLY VALIDATE ONE ANOTHER’S PERSONAL WORTH