Anatomy and Medical Imaging Techniques: Key Concepts and Terminology

Which technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels?

Digital subtraction angiography.

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of?

Protons in a magnetic field.

The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called?

Positron emission tomography (PET).

An anatomical image created from sound waves is a/an?

Sonogram.

A major limitation of radiographs is that they?

Give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.

The study of the body's organization by areas is?

Regional anatomy.

The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is?

Surface anatomy.

The study of tissues is?

Histology.

Anatomy is?

The study of structure.

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is?

Cytology.

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?

Histology.

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?

Systemic anatomy.

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a/an?

Physiologist.

An organelle is?

A small structure within a cell.

An organ is?

A structure composed of several tissue types.

A cell is?

The basic structural unit of living organisms.

A tissue is?

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

An organ system is?

A group of organs with a common set of functions.

Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

Cardiovascular system.

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

Skeletal system.

Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?

Skeletal system.

The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of the?

Digestive system.

The integumentary system?

Regulates body temperature.

Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

Urinary system.

An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an example of?

Metabolism.

The changes an organism undergoes through time is called?

Development.

Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of?

Responsiveness.

An increase in the number of cells is?

Growth.

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis?

Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase, which in turn causes cells to take up glucose.

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector?

Reverses the original stimulus.

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?

An increase in the respiratory rate.

tEffector

A type of cell or organ that responds to a stimulus.

tStabilizer

A structure that helps maintain stability in a system.

tControl center

The part of a system that regulates and coordinates its functions.

tReceptor

A protein that detects and responds to specific stimuli.

What is the anatomical term that means 'away from the midline of the body'?

Lateral

What is the anatomical term that means 'toward the attached end of a limb'?

Proximal

What is the anatomical term that means 'toward the surface of the body'?

Superficial

What is the anatomical term that means 'closer to the head'?

Cephalic

What is the anatomical term that means 'toward the back of the body'?

Posterior

What is the anatomical term that means 'closer to the midline of the body'?

Medial

What is the anatomical term that means 'away from the surface'?

Deep

What is the anatomical term for the part of the upper limb from the shoulder to the wrist?

Brachial region

What is the anatomical term for the lower back?

Lumbar region

What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?

Antecubital region

What is the anatomical term for the chest area?

Pectoral region

What is the anatomical term for the calf?

Sural region

What is the anatomical term for the thigh?

Femoral region

What is the anatomical term for the neck?

Cervical region

What is the anatomical term for the area behind the knee?

Popliteal region

What is the anatomical term for the area of the groin?

Inguinal region

What is the anatomical term for the area of the buttock?

Gluteal region

What is the anatomical term for the area of the breastbone?

Sternal region

What is the anatomical term for the area of the navel?

Umbilical region

What is the anatomical term for a vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions?

Sagittal plane

What is the anatomical term for the cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm?

Abdominal cavity

What does the suffix '-itis' mean?

Inflammation

What is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity called?

Parietal peritoneum

What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs called?

Visceral pleura

What is the term for the double-layered serous membrane that anchors some abdominal organs to the body wall?

Mesentery

What is the term for the serous membrane that lines the pericardial sac?

Parietal pericardium

What is the parietal pericardium?

A double-layered serous membrane that lines the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.

What is the pleura?

The serous membrane that covers the lungs.

What is the peritoneum?

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

What is the pleural space?

The space located between the visceral and parietal pleura.

What is the pericardial membrane?

The membrane that lines the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.

Which branch of physiology studies the effects of sunbathing on the skin?

Regional physiology.

What is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism?

Detects a change in the value of a variable.

What is the set point in reference to body temperature in living organisms?

The ideal normal value for body temperature.

Which is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?

They always remain at a fixed value.

What type of feedback is exemplified by decreasing blood pressure leading to further decreases?

Positive feedback.

What type of feedback mechanisms control changes in blood pressure?

Negative feedback.

What type of feedback is illustrated by platelets adhering to a damaged blood vessel?

Positive feedback.

True or False: Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in healthy individuals.

False.

What position is a person in when lying face down?

Prone position.

Which term describes a cut that separates the body into left and right portions?

Sagittal.

What is the plane that cuts the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions?

Frontal plane.

What type of section is a cut through the long axis of an organ?

Longitudinal section.

What structure is contained by the mediastinum?

Esophagus.

How many microbial cells are there compared to human cells in the body?

For every human cell, there are approximately ten microbial cells.

What can researchers conclude if a drug effectively treats obesity in mice?

The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

What statement is correct regarding the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies?

Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different.

Which statement is TRUE about organ systems?

The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function.

What is the correct order of body structures from simplest to most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach.

What is an example of anatomical variation among organisms?

The fact that some people have six lumbar vertebrae while others have four.

What is an example of negative feedback during exercise?

Blood vessels dilate in the skin to lose heat as body temperature rises.

What is an example of positive feedback during childbirth?

The release of oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions until the baby is expelled.

What is an example of negative feedback in glucose regulation?

Insulin release reduces blood glucose concentration after a meal.

What is the change in size of bone marrow as an infant matures an example of?

Growth.

What is the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells an example of?

Differentiation.

What is differentiation?

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.

What is growth?

The increase in size or mass of an organism or its parts.

What is cellular physiology?

The study of the functions and activities of cells.

What do hepatocytes do?

Hepatocytes are liver cells that produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids.

What are hemocytoblasts?

Hemocytoblasts are blood stem cells located in the red bone marrow.

What is the function of cardiac muscle cells?

Cardiac muscle cells contract to generate pressure that moves blood through blood vessels.

What is the epidermis?

The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin composed of multiple layers of cells.

What happens when the thoracic cavity is cut along the midsagittal plane?

It creates an anterior half containing portions of the lungs and heart, and a posterior half containing the spinal cord.

What is aldosterone?

A hormone that increases the level of sodium (Na+) in the blood.

What is the effect of aldosterone when blood Na+ levels decrease?

Aldosterone would cause a decrease in the amount of Na+ that is excreted as part of urine.