A&P CH 13 & 14

Nasal Cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Capillary

(pointing to the tiny red and blue lines)

Diaphragm

Muscle that helps lungs inhale and exhale

The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease by utilizing the ____ present in the lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs.

white blood cells

How does the lymphatic system assist the cardiovascular system?

By returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

The right lymphatic duct returns lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and neck into the 

right subclavian vein

A person infected with HIV can pass the infection onto someone else

during all stages of HIV infection.

Which of the following systems are linked to the lymphatic system by using mucous membranes for the resistance to infections?

Respiratory and Digestive

The __________ regions of the antibody molecule forms its unique antigen-binding site.

 

variable

Bone marrow is the place where ____ mature.

B lymphocytes

How could giving an immunosuppressive drug to a person who is receiving an organ transplant be a negative thing?

The immunosuppressive drug will decrease the body's immune response, possibly leading to an increased risk of infection.

Newborn infants are passively immune to some diseases because antibodies have crossed the placenta from the mother's blood. This type of immunity is called ____.

natural passive immunity

Since T cells are unable to recognize an antigen present in lymph, blood or the tissues without help, the antigen must be presented to them by a(n)

antigen-presenting cell.

Contact dermititis, which occurs when a person is allergic to poison ivy, jewelry, cosmetics, and many other substances that touch the skin, is also an example of a/an __________.

T-cell mediated allergic response

The intact skin and mucus membranes are examples of (check all that apply)

The intact skin and mucus membranes are examples of (check all that apply).

nonspecific defenses, physical barriers, chemical barriers.

Which of the following are classified as chemical barriers?

Sebaceous gland secretion, Perspiration, Saliva, Stomach acid.

What are macrophages classified as?

Macrophages are classified as part of the immune system, specifically immune cells, not as chemical barriers.

True or False: The extra air inhaled by taking a big, deep breath is the inspiratory capacity.

False; the inspiratory capacity refers to the total amount of air inhaled, which includes both the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume.

True or False: The respiratory membrane is made up of three layers of cells.

False; the respiratory membrane is made up of two layers of cells: the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium

Hyperventilation could lead to….

alkalosis

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses that connect with the nasal cavity?

Both reduce the weight of the skull and resonance chambers for speech.

True or False: Pneumonia can be caused by either a virus or a bacterium.

True; pneumonia can indeed be caused by both viral and bacterial infections.

True or False: Regulation of pH is accomplished by changing blood oxygen levels.

False; regulation of pH is mainly accomplished by the bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory control of carbon dioxide, and renal control of bicarbonate ions, not primarily by blood oxygen levels.

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a degenerative disease affecting the respiratory membrane.

Which of the following is true about emphysema?

Emphysema is a degenerative disease affecting the respiratory

Over the last fifteen years, have tonsillectomies become more common?

False; there has been a trend toward fewer tonsillectomies due to increased awareness of their risks and the effectiveness of alternative treatments.

True or False: The respiratory membrane thickens with age, reducing the efficiency of gas exchange.

True; the respiratory membrane can thicken with age, leading to decreased efficiency in gas exchange.

What is the purpose of surfactant that lines each alveolus?

Keeps the alveoli from collapsing

The concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide is __________ in tissue fluid than in arterial blood.

Higher

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? (Choose all that apply)

1. Bound to the globin part of hemoglobin

2. Dissolved in plasma

3. As bicarbonate ions in plasma

Average tidal volume is approximately

500 ML per breath.

As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases due to the contraction of the muscles of inspiration, what occurs in the lungs and alveoli?

Lung and alveolar volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

What is the term for a faster-than-normal breathing rate?

Hyperpnea

Eupnea is

normal quiet breathing

Atelectasis is another name for

collapse of a lung

Which portion of the respiratory tract is also a passageway for food?

Pharynx

Which serous membrane connects directly to the thoracic wall?

Parietal pleura

Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartilage rings instead of O-shaped (complete rings)?

To allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing

Once a B cell has been activated by a specific antigen (an antigen binds to an antigen receptor on the B cell membrane), it will divide, making many copies of itself. This process is known as

Clonal selection

Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular

Veins

Which lymphatic structure enters the subclavian vein?

Lymphatic duct

Which of the following is NOT an opportunistic disease that commonly causes death for an AIDS patient?

Glomerulonephritis

What is glomerulonephritis?

Glomerulonephritis is a condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can affect kidney function.

What are some potential causes of glomerulonephritis?

Causes can include infections, autoimmune diseases, and conditions such as high blood pressure.

Is glomerulonephritis an opportunistic disease that commonly affects AIDS patients?

No, glomerulonephritis is NOT an opportunistic disease that commonly causes death for an AIDS patient.

As a child, you had the chicken pox. You are exposed to chicken pox several years later, but you do not get them again. What kind of immunity do you have?

Natural active

True or False: Another name for internal respiration is cellular respiration.

False; internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body's cells, while cellular respiration is the process of converting biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.

An instrument that is used to measure lung volumes is a

Spirometer

Air that is in the airways, but not in the alveoli for gas exchange, is called the

Dead-space air

The lungs are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that helps regulate

blood pressure

Which bones contain paranasal sinuses?

The maxilla and sphenoid bones contain paranasal sinuses.

True or False: Bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls.

True; bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls.

For each lobe of a lung there is one

secondary bronchus

A lack of impulses from the primary respiratory center to the respiratory muscles will initiate

relaxation for expiration

__________ is detected by a skin test.

Tuberculosis

True or False: The lungs' inability to recoil as we age reduces the residual volume.

False; the inability of the lungs to recoil as we age can actually increase the residual volume.

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Lymphatic organs, lymphatic vessels, but not arteries and veins or the heart.

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called

Lymph

There are two types of defenses that make up our immunity. The two types are __________ and __________ defenses.

Nonspecific and Specific

Which of the following act as mechanical barriers to pathogen entry in the body?

Skin and Mucous membrane

Mucous membranes form a physical barrier to infection in which of the following body systems? (Select all that apply)

Urinary, Reproductive, Respiratory, and Digestive

Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs make up the organ system called the ___________ system.

Lymphatic

The effects of histamine on capillaries include ______. (Select all that apply)

dilation of capillaries and increased permeability of capillaries

Lymph is similar in composition to ___.

Plasma and tissue fluid

A specific or nonspecific response that can prevent infection is called ______.

immunity

The upper respiratory tract is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane. How does this prevent pathogens we inhale from entering our body?

Sticky mucous traps pathogens; Ciliated cells sweep mucous into the throat

A chemical released by damaged tissue cells and mast cells in response to injury is called _____.

histamine

Neutrophils and monocytes are two cells that can leave the blood and enter tissue fluid to destroy pathogens. Therefore, they are known as a type of cell called a(n)

phagocyte

_____________ is the build up of living and non living phagocytes, tissue cells and bacteria which forms a thick whitish fluid.

Pus

Lymphocytes can recognize native or "self" cells from foreign cells by looking at protein molecules on the cell membrane called

Antigens, glycoprotein, or antigen

Cells that can squeeze through capillary walls during an inflammatory reaction and enter the tissue fluid to destroy pathogens are called ______.

Phagocytes

If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, _______, will try to eliminate it.

Adaptive, or specific defenses

Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus are called __________ cells.

T cells

Lymphocytes: lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow are called _________ cells or lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes

The presence of pus indicates ______.

the body is destroying dead tissue cells

When activated by an antigen, B lymphocytes start to divide and produce _____ cells, which produce _____.

plasma; antibodies

Which are examples of antigens? (Select all that apply)

Parasites, Cell membrane proteins, and Fragment of a virus

Proteins present in blood, lymph and body fluids, that bind to antigens, are called

Antibodies

Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens.

• mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

• inflammatory reaction, NK cells, and nonspecific phagocytic white blood cells

• adaptive (specific) defenses

T cells are responsible for _______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for _______ immunity.

cell-mediated; antibody-mediated

Activated B cells divide and produce __________ cells which produce__________.

plasma; antibodies

Lymphocytes can recognize native or "self" cells from foreign cells by looking at protein molecules on the cell membrane called

antigens

Antibodies are ______.

produced by plasma B cells; proteins that bind to antigens

If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, _______, will try to eliminate it.

adaptive, or specific defenses

When activated by an antigen, B lymphocytes start to divide and produce _____ cells, which produce _____.

B cells: antibodies

Which are examples of antigens?

Fragment of a virus, Cell membrane proteins, and Parasites

Place the following statements regarding the clonal selection theory in the proper order:

1. An antigen binds to a specific B or T cell receptor. 2. The selected lymphocyte proliferates and forms a clone of effector and memory cells. 3. Effector cells carry out the immune response.

A(n) __________ cell is a differentiated B cell that functions to produce and secrete antibodies.

Plasma

Long-term immunity is made possible by ______.

Memory cells

All B cells in a particular clone will produce _______ when activated.

Identical antibodies that can bind to the same antigen

Cells that are no longer needed will undergo programmed "cell suicide," otherwise known as

Apoptosis