Psych unit 1

review

Higher-Order Conditioning

A form of conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a new conditioned response.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response.

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.

Unconditional Response (UR)

The unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to an unconditional stimulus.

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after associating with an unconditional stimulus, begins to evoke a learned response.

Conditional Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Substitution Theory

The theory suggesting that the conditioned stimulus becomes a neural substitute for the unconditioned stimulus.

Rescorla-Wagner Model

A theory explaining learning as driven by surprises or prediction errors, focusing on how much we are surprised by an outcome.

Compensatory Response Theory

A theory suggesting that the conditioned response prepares the body for the onset of the unconditioned stimulus.

Latent Inhibition

The reduced ability to learn about a stimulus due to prior exposure to that stimulus without any response.

Exposure Therapy

A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves gradual exposure to the feared object or context.

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral technique used to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing a patient to an anxiety-producing stimulus paired with relaxation.

Contiguity

The principle that events occurring together in time or place become associated in the mind.

Contingency

The relationship indicating that a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts an unconditioned stimulus (US), creating an if-then scenario.

Associationism

The theory that events that occur together in time or place are associated in the mind, responsible for learning and memory.

Delayed Conditioning

A conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented before the unconditioned stimulus (US) and remains until the response occurs.

Backward Conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before the conditioned stimulus (CS), often ineffective for learning.

Extinction

The reduction of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest following extinction.

Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) used in training.

Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response until paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Conditional Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

Contiguity

The idea that events that occur together in time or space become associated in the mind.

Contingency

The principle that for conditioning to occur, a predictive relationship must exist between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Associationism

The theory that learning is a result of associations between events that occur together.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus (NS) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.

Generalization

The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli, responding only to the conditioned stimulus.

Delayed Conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure where the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Trace Conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure where the conditioned stimulus is presented and then removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Backward Conditioning

A classical conditioning arrangement in which the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus.

Latent Inhibition

The phenomenon by which prior exposure to a neutral stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus makes it more difficult to condition that stimulus later.

Blocking

A phenomenon in which previous learning prevents or blocks the acquisition of new information.

Higher-Order Conditioning

A conditioning process where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, effectively becoming a new conditioned stimulus.

Pavlovian Conditioning

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; originally discovered by Ivan Pavlov.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

An originally neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus.

Contiguity

The principle that events that occur together in time and space become associated in the mind.

Contingency

The predictive relationship between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus in conditioning.

Extinction

A process in conditioning where the conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause following extinction.

Backward Conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus.

Simultaneous Conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.

Trace Conditioning

A conditioning procedure where there is a gap between the end of the conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus.

Forward Delayed Conditioning

A conditioning procedure where the conditioned stimulus is presented and then overlaps with the unconditioned stimulus.

CS Preexposure Effect

A phenomenon where prior exposure to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus can impair subsequent conditioning.

Overshadowing

A phenomenon in conditioning where one element of a compound stimulus is more salient and commands more attention, overshadowing the other elements.

Blocking

A phenomenon where prior conditioning to one stimulus impairs conditioning to a new stimulus when both are presented together.

Cognition

All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior potential brought on by practice or experience.

Phylogeny

The history of the evolution of a species or group, particularly in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.

Ontogeny

The development of the individual organism throughout its life span.

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Behavior Potential

The potential for behavioral change that is not always directly observable.

Environmental Information

Information that only makes sense due to the way humans are biologically designed to process it.

Fixed-action patterns

Highly stereotyped behaviors that are inborn and affected minimally by experience.

Learning and Cognition as Adaptation

The view that changes in behavior through learning and cognition are adaptations to environmental changes.

Phylogeny

The history of the evolution of a species or group, especially regarding lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.

Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors can alter gene expression during an individual's lifetime.

Adaptation

A change that allows an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment.

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior potential brought on by practice or experience.

Cognition

All processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

Fixed-action patterns

Highly stereotyped behaviors involving more than one muscle system, inborn and minimally affected by experience.

Skepticism

The tendency to suspend judgment until reasonable certainty of all possible explanations for a phenomenon has been considered.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to view another person’s behavior as reflective of their personal dispositions rather than responses to social or situational factors.

Scientific method

A systematic approach to inquiry, allowing researchers to ask specific questions and perform experimentation to explore natural phenomena.

Pavlovian Learning

A type of learning based on the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Reflex

A natural response that occurs automatically when an unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

Behavioral Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them.

Cognitive Neuroscience

The study of the relationship between brain function and cognitive processes.

Behaviorism

A theoretical orientation in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior and the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

Environmental Variables

Any factors in the environment that can influence an individual's behavior.

Experimental Method

A research method that involves manipulating one or more variables to determine their effect on behavior.

Private Events

Thoughts or feelings that cannot be directly observed but may influence behavior.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned Response

The natural response that occurs in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Compliance

The act of following rules or being obedient, often discussed in the context of behavioral responses.