A+P1 ch 4 objectives: tissues

What are the four types of tissue?

• epithelial

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Connective

What are the common traits of epithelial tissues?

• consist basically of only cells

• cover surfaces (provide protection)

• contain an apical and a basal surface

Apical vs basal surface?

Apical surfaces border the open space, while basal surfaces connect to the basement membrane and underlying connective tissue

What are cell connections and their functions?

They mechanically bind cells together. Made for permeability barriers, as well as intercellular communication

What are desmosomes?

Protein structures that bind adjacent cells together. They have the ability to stretch (elastic)

Gap junctions versus tight functions?

Tight junctions prevent molecules from passing through extracellular spaces, while gap junctions allow for intercellular communication through electrical signals (as in the heart)

Functional characteristics of epithelial tissue?

• high mitotic rate for reproduction

• good nerve supply

• avascular (lacking direct blood flow)

• provide secure attachment

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

• protection

• filtration

• absorption

• secretion

• transportation

• sensory reception

List and define the four classifications of epithelium?

1. Simple: single layer of cells

2. Stratified: more than one layer of cells

3. Pseudostratified: appears to be stratified, but all cells are attached to basement membrane

4. Transitional: the shape of the tissue changes with stretching

List and define epithelium based on cell shape and type?

• squamous (scale-like and flat), cuboidal (soft oval), columnar (tall and thin)

• ciliated (hairs), nonciliated

Simple squamous location and function?

• location: lining of blood vessels, heart, lymph vessels, alveoli

• function: diffusion of CO2/O2, filtration, secretion

Simple cuboidal location and function?

• location: kidney tubules, ducts, secretory parts of glands

• functions: absorption, secretion

Nonciliated* simple columnar location and function

• location: lining stomach, intestine, gallbladder

• functions: absorption

*has microvilli instead, which increase surface area

Ciliated simple columnar location and function?

• location: small bronchi, uterine tubes

• function: transportation (locomotion)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function?

• location: trachea lining, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract

• function: secretion of mucus, transportation of foreign particles

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function?

• location: lines epididymis, male urethra

• function: secretion

Stratified squamous location and function?

• location: vagina, anus, skin surface, throat, oral cavity, esophagus (think open holes)

• function: protection from infection/abrasion

Stratified cuboidal location and function?

• location: lining of sweat ducts, esophageal glands

• functions: protection, secretion

Stratified columnar location and function?

• location: esophagus gland, male urethra, pharynx

• function: protection, secretion

Where is transitional epithelium located?

Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

What is the shape of transitional epithelium when relaxed vs stretched?

It appears cuboidal when relaxed, but squamous (flat) when stretched

What are exocrine glands?

Glands which contain ducts (something EXits them)

What are endocrine glands?

Glands which contain no ducts

Difference btw multicellular and unicellular glands?

Multi = many cells, uni = made of one cell

Simple glands versus compound glands definition?

Simple have ducts with only a few branches, but compound have ducts which branch repeatedly

What are the 3 major components of connective tissue?

1. Protein fibers (most important)

2. Ground substances: hyaluronic acid

3. Fluid: mast cells, leukocytes

List and define the 3 types of protein fibers?

1. Collagen: most common type in the body

2. Reticular: network of short, thin, branching fibers

3. Elastic: has ability to return to original shape

List the 3 types of dense connective tissue and locations?

1. Dense regular: tendons, ligaments, between vertebrae

2. Dense irregular: skin, sheaths of blood vessels, and arteries

3. Elastic: lung tissue, aorta, vocal cords

List the 3 types of dense irregular connective tissue and locations?

1. Areolar: subcutaneous layer of skin

2. Adipose: mammary glands, butt, deep layers of skin

3. Reticular: liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney

List of 3 types of cartilage and locations?

1. Hyaline: ends of bones in joints, nose

2. Fibrocartilage: vertebral disc, meniscus, pubic symphysis

3. Elastic cartilage: pinna (ear), epiglottis, auditory tube

Main structures of osseous tissue include?

• osteon: entire unit

• central canal: dark center part where blood vessels are contained

• lamellae: concentric rings/circles

• lacunae: small little dark lines

• canaliculi: hairs where nutrients enter

What are the formed elements of blood?

1. erythrocytes: red blood cells - transport oxygen, no nucleus

2. leukocytes: white blood cells - defend the body from infection

3. platelets: cytoplasm fragments - involved in the clotting response

Red bone barrow functions and location?

Its job is to produce blood cells; found at the ends of bones

Yellow bone marrow functions and locations?

Contains cushioning adipose tissue; found in shaft of bone

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

1. skeletal

2. cardiac

3. smooth

Which muscles are striated vs non-striated?

• striated: skeletal, cardiac

• non-striated: smooth

Which muscles are voluntary or involuntary?

• voluntary: only skeletal

• involuntary: cardiac and smooth

Where is nervous tissue found in the body?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

What are neurons?

the conducting cells of the nervous system

What are the 3 major structures of the neuron?

1. cell body/soma: contains nucleus and nucleolus (produces ribosomes)

2. dendrites: receive sensory stimuli and direct it towards cell

3. axon: conducts signals away from cell to effectors (muscles or glands)