BIO 181 Final Exam Review (Shaffer ASU)

The stage of meiosis where "crossing over" occurs

Prophase 1

A mutation that you could pass on to your offspring would occur in the ___ cells

Germ cells

Most mutations that occur in our genomes are...

Neutral

Which type of mutation would most likely have dramatic effects on the gene of interest?

Nonsense mutation

Frameshift mutation

What is the probability of a child having the same phenotype as the first parent: AaBbcc x aabbCC

0

p^2+2pq+q^2 gives

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium frequencies

Which is an example of heterozygote advantage?

Sickle sell trait

Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to work?

pH of inter membrane space must be lower than that of the matrix

There must be a difference in concentration of H+ ions

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of

Pyruvate

Which of the following is the most important product of the fermentation pathway in cells?

NAD+

Photosynthesis is usually divided up into how many separate reactions?

2

Which is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis

Which one of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the electron carriers of cellular respiration?

NAD+ and FAD

NAD+ and FADH2

NADH and FAD

NADH and FADH2

NADH and FADH2

The step of cellular respiration that results in the biggest direct payoff of ATP is

The electron transport chain

In the absence of oxygen this is the route taken by the cell to generate ATP

Glycolysis

Fermentation

Cell membranes are

Dynamic and exist in a fluid state

Important in maintaining the internal environment of cells

Composed of lipid bi-layers

Embedded with transmembrane proteins

This type of organism does not have a nucleus

Prokaryote

This type of organism has its DNA organized into an operon- with multiple genes co-transcribed

Prokaryotes

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

This organelle is the primary sorting location for proteins bound for other places in the cell

Golgi apparatus

Which six elements are the most important for the survival of life?

C, H, N, O, P, S

The shared biochemistry of all life is among the evidence for

Shared common descent of all life on earth

The bacterial community in our bodies is called

The microbiome

Water has which property or properties?

Hydrophilic

Forms hydrogen bonds

Ocean acidification is resulting due to

Global release of CO2 through the use of fossil fuels

Which other element (besides carbon) is often suggested as having the potential for life?

Silicon

All things being equal, which fatty acid will have a lower melting point?

Short chain fatty acid

Which type of molecular interaction is strongest?

Covalent bonds

Water is a ___ molecule

Polar molecule

A low pH is typical of

Acids

What element is called the backbone of life?

Carbon

This amino acid is capable of forming disulfide bridges

Cysteine

The name of a conceptual model for enzyme action

Lock and Key

Induced fit

Which type of mutation would most likely have the least effect on the gene of interest?

Synonymous mutation

What is the probability of a child having the same PHENOTYPE as the FIRST parent: AaBb x AA BB

100%

What is the probability of a child having the same GENOTYPE as the FIRST parent: AaBb x AABB

1/4

This DNA binding protein inhibits RNA polymerase binding and transcription of lac operon

Lac repressor

I+P+OcZ+Y+ is the genotype of E. coli. In the absence of lactose...

Z (beta galactosidase) will be promoted

Y (permease) will be produced

IsP+O+Z-Y-/I-P+O+Z+Y+ is the genotype of E. coli. In the presence of lactose...

Z will never be produced

Y will never be produced

Both mutations and sexual reproduction are important. Why?

They both help to promote genetic variation

Mad cow disease and kuru are both caused by which biological agent?

Prion

The pair awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the structure of DNA

Watson/Crick

DNA is most important for

Storing genetic information

Transmitting genetic information

Replication is the process of

DNA copying itself

If the guanine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 40% what is the cytosine content?

40%

If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 30% what is the adenine content?

20%

Chromatin is composed of

Histones and DNA

Which one of the following nucleotides hydrogen base pairs with adenine in an RNA molecule?

Uracil

16% of the nucleotides are adenine. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides?

16% thymidine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine

The strands in a DNA molecule are

Antiparallel

Complimentary

The original molecule of life may have been

RNA

The central dogma of molecular biology states...

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

In RNA, which nucleotide base replaces Thymine in DNA

Uracil

New DNA strands always grow...

In the 5' to 3' direction

By using template strands as a guide

_____ separates the strands of parental double helix at the replication fork

Helicase

The telomere caps the end of the chromosome after replication. How many repeats of 3'GGGATT5'?

Between 1500 and 3000

Stages of PCR reaction in correct order?

Denaturing, annealing, extension

DNA replication is...

Semi-conservative

The process by which DNA is copied (prior to cell division) is

Replication

The process by which mRNA is expressed as a chain of amino acids is called

Translation

Where does translation take place in eukaryotes

Cytosol

A B-Sheet is an example of which level of protein structure

Secondary

The nucleic acid structure that "fetches" the amino acids into the ribosome is called

tRNA

This is the start codon in mRNA

AUG

This is a stop codon in mRNA

UAA

UAG

UGA

Which type of trait is useful in phylogenetic analysis?

Homology

Which type of phylogenetic group consists of a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants

Monophyletic

Which type of phylogenetic group can pass the 'scissor test'

Monophyletic

What can be used to help construct a phylogeny

Anatomical features

Molecular features

Physiological features

The idea that the 'ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny' (development repeats evolutionary history)

Is an interesting idea, but has been disproven for the most part

In the developmental gene heirarchy, which genes work first

Maternal-effect genes

Which genes specify a body part of each segment through transcriptional regulation?

Hox genes

During development, early expressed genes control the ___ of genes that are expressed later

Transcription

The mutant fly with an extra pair of wings instead of halteres is probably caused by

Hox gene mutation

SHFM (Ectrodactyly) has been found to result from mutation in the gene DLX5 which is most likely

A hox gene

When sperm and egg first join to form zygote, the first cell is

totipotent

The gastrula has ___ layers

3

By successfully producing 10 cloned frogs from somatic cells, gurton proved that

Gene regulation explains development

Mouse Pax-6 gene caused fly eyes to crow (similar to fly pax-6) because pax-6 is a

Highly conserved transcription factor

At about day 5 of development, the zygote cells expand membrane and arrange themselves into

Blactocyst

Humans and chimp DNA differ by what percent

About 1%

The field that studies changes to organisms from modifications of gene expression is called

Epigenetics

Individuals vary from one another because of what

Genetic variation

Environmental variation

The idea that natural systems are too complex to have developed absent a 'higher' designer...

Irreducible complexity

When a new species results due to physical separation this is....

Allopatric speciation

A physical character that is similar between two species due to convergent evolution

Analogous character

The different songs and mutual unattractiveness of eastern and western meadowlarks is an example of

Pre-zygotic barrier

The most recent human common ancestor was approximately ___ years ago

200,000

During DNA replication, which strand has Okazaki fragments?

Lagging strand

Which element would likely have similar reactivity to chlorine gas?

Bromine

I-P-O+Z-Y+ in the presence of lactose

Neither Z not Y would be expressed

A PCR reaction requires:

Template DNA, DNA polymerase, All 4 nucleotides, primers