AP HUG - Modules 36-40 Quiz

Second Agricultural Revolution

Period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s

Seed drill

A machine for planting seeds in a row

Mechanical reaper

A machine used to harvest grain crops mechanically; patented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831

Agrichemicals

Chemical compounds obtained from petroleum and natural gas for use in agriculture; agrichemicals include fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides

Synthetic fertilizer

Industrially manufactured nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, made from petroleum by-products; contains higher concentrations of nutrients for plants than natural fertilizers

Pesticide

Material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth

Herbicide

Pesticide designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants (weeds) that compete with crops

Green Revolution

The U.S.-supported development of high-yield seed varieties that increased the productivity of cereal crops and accompanying agricultural technologies for transfer to less developed countries

Crossbreeding

The act of mixing different species or varieties of plants or animals to produce hybrids

Hybrid

The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties

Double-cropping

Planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested

Multicropping

Planting two or three crops per year on the same land

Soil salinization

The concentration of dissolved salts in the soil

Bid-rent theory

Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases

Central business district (CBD)

A dense cluster of offices and shops located at a city's most accessible point, usually its center

Large-scale commercial operation

A large-scale farm oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

Monocropping

The cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land

Agricultural cooperative

An organization where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity such as services or production; services or production resources are provided to individual farm members

Family farm

A farming operation wholly owned by a family or family corporation that sells its products to some defined market, either directly or through a cooperative

Commodity

A primary agricultural product or raw material that is bought, sold, and traded

Commodity chain

A series of links connecting a commodity's many places of production and distribution

Agribusiness

Large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

Animal rearing system that confines livestock (such as cattle, sheep, turkeys, chickens, and hogs) in high-density cages only large enough to allow the animal body to grow and to accommodate equipment for feeding and waste removal

Cool chain

The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants

Hinterland

The area surrounding a city

VonThunen's Model of Agricultural Land Use

In developing his model, von Thünen combined bid-rent theory with the notion of transportation cost to understand the distribution and intensity of agriculture in relation to transportation costs and the market. He imagined a single market surrounded by a complete agricultural system shown as a series of rings. Each ring, located at a progressively greater distance from the central market, is occupied by a different type of agriculture.

Global supply chain

Agribusinesses, organized at the global scale; encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people

Contract farming

Arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; the agribusiness provides the farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer

Export commodity

A cash crop that is produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption

Subsidies

Guaranteed prices for staple food crops