RT 215-M3-M5

KNOBOLOGY

Terminology that describes the manipulation of ultrasound knobs and system controls in order to obtain the best image possible from diagnostic ultrasound.

Keyboard Controls (Alphanumeric)

Allow user to enter patient's name, ID number, and provide full screen annotation

• Annotation on/off

• Erase Screen

• Backspace

Keyboard Controls (Alphanumeric) may also include specific function keys: (3)

Annotation on/off

which allows annotation to be entered from the keyboard onto the screen

Erase Screen

will erase all user-entered annotations from the screen where the cursor is located

Backspace

will erase the last user-entered character to the left of the cursor

Trackball

To guide the cursor on the screen and position the measurement cursors during the freeze mode

Trackball

Allows two-dimensional image review to be scrolled in real time

Time Gain Compensation (TGC)

To equalize the differences in received echo amplitudes due to reflector depth

Time Gain Compensation (TGC)

Provides a gradual increase in amplification with depth by compensating for attenuation of the signal strength over depth

right

Adjust the shape of the TGC curve which is displayed vertically to the _____ of the ultrasound image on the screen

2/M Overall Gain

controls the overall amplification or gain applied to the signals produced by the echoes returning from the body

Focal Zone Position

controls the position of the focal zone to the desired scan depth

Focal Zone Depth

Controls the depth range of the display

Focal Zone Depth

Either increase or decrease the number of focal zones

Maximum allowed depth

____ is dependent upon the scanhead selected

Freeze Frame Key

To store the desired ultrasound image in the system's memory

Freezing

_____ automatically enables cineloop image review or Doppler review

Freeze Frame Key

Depress button when finished to restore frozen image to real time

Print Key

Activates the resident multi-image camera to record the frozen image

Print Key

The system will remain in freeze until the image is recorded

Calc Key

activates the appropriate calculations package

Transducer Button (XCTR)

to select different transducers and scan heads

Convex probe

Type of probes that uses 3.5 MHz

3.5 MHz

Convex probe uses how much frequency?

Convex probe

What type of probe is used for the abdomen, GYN, OB

Linear Probe

Type of probes that uses 7.5 MHz.

7.5 MHz

Linear probe uses how much frequency?

Linear probe

What type of probe is used for the vascular, small parts

trans-vaginal probe

Type of probes that uses 6.5 MHz

6.5 MHz

trans-vaginal probe uses how much frequency?

trans-vaginal probe

What type of probe is used for the vaginal?

micro-convex probe

Type of probes that uses 5.0 MHz

5.0 MHz

micro-convex probe uses how much frequency?

micro-convex probe

What type of probe is used for the cardiac

Image Direction

electronically reverses the scan direction of the displayed image

Body Pattern

to display the body pattern to indicate patient positioning during scan session

New Patient Key

will clear patient ID, graphics and comments so that new information may be entered

Color Doppler/ Power Doppler/ Power Angio

to activate the color and Power Doppler mode of the system

Blue

indicates the flow going Away the transducer

Red

indicates the flow going Toward the transducer

Color Doppler/ Power Doppler/ Power Angio

This technique can only be used for the direction of the flow or Flow Direction Assessment

Cine Loop

The memory of the ultrasound unit stores the recently scanned image frames before the freeze frames key is depressed

Cine Loop

Allows the images to be reviewed

Cine

stack of images on top of one another

Distance

place the cursor for distance measurements

Trace/Ellipse

outline for curve and circumference measurements

Measure

to complete above measurements and display results

Off

to erase cursor, outlines, and measurement results

• Distance

• Trace/Ellipse

• Measure

• Off

MEASUREMENT KEYS: (4)

Monitor Controls

allows user to adjust the amount of detail in the ultrasound image

Brightness

adjusts the light output of the entire image

Contrast

adjusts the difference in light output between the light and dark parts of the image

Needle/Biopsy Guide

activates a line display, which corresponds to the path of the needle used during invasive ultrasound procedures

Transducer

any device that converts energy from one form to another

Ultrasound Transducer

Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, specifically ultrasound energy, and vice-versa

Ultrasound Transducer

Operate on the principle of piezoelectricity

piezoelectricity

Ultrasound Transducer operates on the principle of ____

piezo

to press

electron

amber

Piezoelectric elements

convert electric voltages into ultrasound pulses and convert returning echoes back into voltages.

Piezoelectric effect

the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical charge in response to the applied mechanical stress

DIPOLE

Piezoelectric Crystals contains positive & negative charge called ___

Piezoelectric Crystals

Randomly arranged in normal state

randomly

Piezoelectric Crystals are ____ arranged in normal state

DIPOLES ALIGN

If material is heated above temperature, ____

expands

Piezoelectric crystal stimulated electrically, the crystal ____

electrically

Piezoelectric crystal stimulated _____, the crystal expands

reversed

The polarity of crystal is ____, the crystal will contract

contract

The polarity of crystal is reversed, the crystal will ______

• Case

• Crystal

• Damping material

• Matching layer

COMPONENTS OF SINGLE ELEMENT TRANSDUCER: (4)

Crystal

heart of transducer

• Quartz

• Lithium niobate

• Lithium sulfate

Crystalline materials (3)

• Lead zirconate - titanate (PZT)

• Barium titanate

• Lead metaniobate

Ceramic materials (3)

Lead zirconate - titanate (PZT)

material of choice because of higher sensitivity and superior efficiency

Strain

Measures in meters per volt

Strain

An indication of UTZ transmitting capacity

Generated electric field

determines the stress induced signal and capacity of crystals use as an ultrasound receiver

Electromechanical coupling factor

indicates the efficiency of energy conversion from electrical to mechanical

thickness

The critical dimension of piezoelectric crystal is its ___

Thinner

_____ elements operate at higher frequencies

frequencies

Thinner elements operate at higher ____

one half

In order to have a single wave move back & forth between the front and back of crystal, the distance from one surface to the next should be _____ wavelength

one half the wavelength

Maximum energy transfer between the mechanical & electric state occurs when thickness is _____ of UTZ

0.6mm

2.5MHz transducer produces UTZ with a wavelength of ____

2.5MHz

____ transducer produces UTZ with a wavelength of 0.6mm

0.3 mm

most effective crystal thickness of a 2MHz transducer with a wavelength of 0.6 mm would be?

0.2 to 2mm

Typical transducer elements are ___ thick