Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Transpiration

________: bulk flow up, using xylem; evaporation of water from a plants surface.

Osmosis

________: the diffusion of water into our out of a cell that is affected by solute concentration and pressure.

Circadian rhythms

________: 24 hr cycles; genes that control hormone release are exact.

Drought stress

________ or freezing can cause a break in chain of water molecules through cavitation.

Phloem

________: transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed.

Crassulacean acid metabolism

________ (CAM): stomatal gas exchange occurs at night.

Xylem sap

________ is normally under negative pressure /tension.

Systemic communication

________ through phloem allows the integration of plant functions.

tension hypothesis

Cohesion- ________: transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots.

Turgor

________ loss results in wilting, which can be reversed by watering the plant.

Hormone Abscisic Acid

________ (ABA) produced in response to water deficiency; causes closure of stomata.

mineral absorption

Water and ________ occurs near root tips, where there are root hairs and the epidermis is permeable to water.

Self pruning

________: shedding of lower shaded leaves.

Symplast

________: consist of cytosol of all living cells & plasmodesmata.

Potential→

________ refers to waters capacity to perform work.

Bulk flow

________: the movement of a fluid driven by a pressure gradient (long- distance transport)

Electricity

________: movement of any charge (ion)

Companion cells

________: enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast.

Phyllotaxy

________: arrangement of leaves on a stem; a species- specific trait important for light capture → more leaves.

Mature tracheids

________ and vessel elements have no cytoplasm; inside of cells empty to move water and minerals (dead cells)

Translocation

________: opposite of transpiration; goes down using phloem.

Xerophytes

________: plants adapted to dry conditions and climates.

Mycorrhizae

________: mutualistic associations formed between roots and hyphae of soil fungi (roots /extensions of soil fungi)

Casparian strip

________: barrier at checkpoint of the endodermal wall, blocking apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder.

Xylem

________: transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.

Cavitation

________: formation of water vapor pocket; break in hydrogen bond.

Plasmodesmata

________ (plant can have multiple) open and close in response to turgor pressure, cytosolic Ca2+ levels or cytosilic pH.

Self thinning

________: dropping of sugar sinks (ex /flowers, seeds, fruits)

Endodermis

________: innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (external part of root)

Community

________: multiple different species living in the same area & interacting.

plasma membrane

Apoplast: everything external to the ________.

Unit of pressure

________ is a megapascal.

low concentration

Diffusion: high to ________.

Transpirational pull

________: positive + negative pressure.

Guttation

________: exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves.

Adhesion

________: water sticked to other surfaces.

Sugar source

________: organ that is a net producer of sugar (ex /mature leaves)

Surface tension

________: water wont spill over & bugs dont sink in water.

Transmembrane route

________: water and solutes repeatedly cross membranes when they pass from cell to cell.

Membrane potential

________ is established by pumping Na+ by sodium- potassium pumps (animals)

Protoplast

________: living part of cell, includes plasma membrane.

Cohesion

________: water sticks to water.

Perforation plates

________ connect vessel elements & porous sieve plates connect sieve- tube elements.

Positive root pressure

________ is weak and is a minor mechanism of xylem bulk flow.

Plasmolysis

________: protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall.

Apoplastic route

________: through cell walls and extracellular spaces.

Phloem sap

________: aqueous solution high in sucrose.

Symplastic route

________: where water and solutes cross a plasma membrane once and then travel through cytosol.

Aquaporins

________: transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate passage of water.

Plant cell membranes

________ have ion channels that only allow certain ions to pass.

Xylem

transports water and minerals from roots to shoots

Phloem

transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed

Phyllotaxy

arrangement of leaves on a stem; a species-specific trait important for light capture → more leaves

Self-pruning

shedding of lower shaded leaves

Community

multiple different species living in the same area & interacting

Leaf-area index

ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows

Mycorrhizae

mutualistic associations formed between roots and hyphae of soil fungi (roots/extensions of soil fungi)

Apoplast

everything external to the plasma membrane

Symplast

consist of cytosol of all living cells & plasmodesmata

Apoplastic route

through cell walls and extracellular spaces

Symplastic route

where water and solutes cross a plasma membrane once and then travel through cytosol

Transmembrane route

water and solutes repeatedly cross membranes when they pass from cell to cell

Active transport

need ATP

Osmosis

the diffusion of water into our out of a cell that is affected by solute concentration and pressure

Water potential

quantity that includes effects of solute concentration and physical pressure

Diffusion

high to low concentration

Solute potential

osmotic potential; directly proportional to molarity

Pressure potential

physical pressure on a solution (can be positive or negative)

Turgor pressure

positive pressure exerted by plasma membrane against cell wall & cell wall against protoplast

Protoplast

living part of cell, includes plasma membrane

Flaccid

limp/deflated cell

Plasmolysis

protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall

Aquaporins

transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate passage of water

Bulk-flow

the movement of a fluid driven by a pressure gradient (long-distance transport)

Transpiration

bulk flow up, using xylem; evaporation of water from a plants surface

Endodermis

innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (external part of root)

Casparian strip

barrier at checkpoint of the endodermal wall, blocking apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

Xylem Sap

fluid in xylem containing water and dissolved minerals

Guttation

exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves

Cohesion-tension hypothesis

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots

Cohesion

water sticks to water

Adhesion

water sticked to other surfaces

Surface tension

water wont spill over & bugs dont sink in water

Transpirational pull

positive + negative pressure

Cavitation

formation of water vapor pocket; break in hydrogen bond

Circadian rhythms

24 hr cycles; genes that control hormone release are exact

Xerophytes

plants adapted to dry conditions and climates

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

stomatal gas exchange occurs at night

Translocation

opposite of transpiration; goes down using phloem

Phloem sap

aqueous solution high in sucrose

Sugar source

organ that is a net producer of sugar (ex/ mature leaves)

Sugar sink

organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar (ex/ roots, buds, fruits)

Companion cells

enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast

Self-thinning

dropping of sugar sinks (ex/ flowers, seeds, fruits)

Electricity

movement of any charge (ion)