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Transpiration
________: bulk flow up, using xylem; evaporation of water from a plants surface.
Osmosis
________: the diffusion of water into our out of a cell that is affected by solute concentration and pressure.
Circadian rhythms
________: 24 hr cycles; genes that control hormone release are exact.
Drought stress
________ or freezing can cause a break in chain of water molecules through cavitation.
Phloem
________: transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed.
Crassulacean acid metabolism
________ (CAM): stomatal gas exchange occurs at night.
Xylem sap
________ is normally under negative pressure /tension.
Systemic communication
________ through phloem allows the integration of plant functions.
tension hypothesis
Cohesion- ________: transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots.
Turgor
________ loss results in wilting, which can be reversed by watering the plant.
Hormone Abscisic Acid
________ (ABA) produced in response to water deficiency; causes closure of stomata.
mineral absorption
Water and ________ occurs near root tips, where there are root hairs and the epidermis is permeable to water.
Self pruning
________: shedding of lower shaded leaves.
Symplast
________: consist of cytosol of all living cells & plasmodesmata.
Potential→
________ refers to waters capacity to perform work.
Bulk flow
________: the movement of a fluid driven by a pressure gradient (long- distance transport)
Electricity
________: movement of any charge (ion)
Companion cells
________: enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast.
Phyllotaxy
________: arrangement of leaves on a stem; a species- specific trait important for light capture → more leaves.
Mature tracheids
________ and vessel elements have no cytoplasm; inside of cells empty to move water and minerals (dead cells)
Translocation
________: opposite of transpiration; goes down using phloem.
Xerophytes
________: plants adapted to dry conditions and climates.
Mycorrhizae
________: mutualistic associations formed between roots and hyphae of soil fungi (roots /extensions of soil fungi)
Casparian strip
________: barrier at checkpoint of the endodermal wall, blocking apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder.
Xylem
________: transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.
Cavitation
________: formation of water vapor pocket; break in hydrogen bond.
Plasmodesmata
________ (plant can have multiple) open and close in response to turgor pressure, cytosolic Ca2+ levels or cytosilic pH.
Self thinning
________: dropping of sugar sinks (ex /flowers, seeds, fruits)
Endodermis
________: innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (external part of root)
Community
________: multiple different species living in the same area & interacting.
plasma membrane
Apoplast: everything external to the ________.
Unit of pressure
________ is a megapascal.
low concentration
Diffusion: high to ________.
Transpirational pull
________: positive + negative pressure.
Guttation
________: exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves.
Adhesion
________: water sticked to other surfaces.
Sugar source
________: organ that is a net producer of sugar (ex /mature leaves)
Surface tension
________: water wont spill over & bugs dont sink in water.
Transmembrane route
________: water and solutes repeatedly cross membranes when they pass from cell to cell.
Membrane potential
________ is established by pumping Na+ by sodium- potassium pumps (animals)
Protoplast
________: living part of cell, includes plasma membrane.
Cohesion
________: water sticks to water.
Perforation plates
________ connect vessel elements & porous sieve plates connect sieve- tube elements.
Positive root pressure
________ is weak and is a minor mechanism of xylem bulk flow.
Plasmolysis
________: protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall.
Apoplastic route
________: through cell walls and extracellular spaces.
Phloem sap
________: aqueous solution high in sucrose.
Symplastic route
________: where water and solutes cross a plasma membrane once and then travel through cytosol.
Aquaporins
________: transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate passage of water.
Plant cell membranes
________ have ion channels that only allow certain ions to pass.
Xylem
transports water and minerals from roots to shoots
Phloem
transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed
Phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on a stem; a species-specific trait important for light capture → more leaves
Self-pruning
shedding of lower shaded leaves
Community
multiple different species living in the same area & interacting
Leaf-area index
ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic associations formed between roots and hyphae of soil fungi (roots/extensions of soil fungi)
Apoplast
everything external to the plasma membrane
Symplast
consist of cytosol of all living cells & plasmodesmata
Apoplastic route
through cell walls and extracellular spaces
Symplastic route
where water and solutes cross a plasma membrane once and then travel through cytosol
Transmembrane route
water and solutes repeatedly cross membranes when they pass from cell to cell
Active transport
need ATP
Osmosis
the diffusion of water into our out of a cell that is affected by solute concentration and pressure
Water potential
quantity that includes effects of solute concentration and physical pressure
Diffusion
high to low concentration
Solute potential
osmotic potential; directly proportional to molarity
Pressure potential
physical pressure on a solution (can be positive or negative)
Turgor pressure
positive pressure exerted by plasma membrane against cell wall & cell wall against protoplast
Protoplast
living part of cell, includes plasma membrane
Flaccid
limp/deflated cell
Plasmolysis
protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall
Aquaporins
transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate passage of water
Bulk-flow
the movement of a fluid driven by a pressure gradient (long-distance transport)
Transpiration
bulk flow up, using xylem; evaporation of water from a plants surface
Endodermis
innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (external part of root)
Casparian strip
barrier at checkpoint of the endodermal wall, blocking apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder
Xylem Sap
fluid in xylem containing water and dissolved minerals
Guttation
exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
Cohesion-tension hypothesis
transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots
Cohesion
water sticks to water
Adhesion
water sticked to other surfaces
Surface tension
water wont spill over & bugs dont sink in water
Transpirational pull
positive + negative pressure
Cavitation
formation of water vapor pocket; break in hydrogen bond
Circadian rhythms
24 hr cycles; genes that control hormone release are exact
Xerophytes
plants adapted to dry conditions and climates
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
stomatal gas exchange occurs at night
Translocation
opposite of transpiration; goes down using phloem
Phloem sap
aqueous solution high in sucrose
Sugar source
organ that is a net producer of sugar (ex/ mature leaves)
Sugar sink
organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar (ex/ roots, buds, fruits)
Companion cells
enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast
Self-thinning
dropping of sugar sinks (ex/ flowers, seeds, fruits)
Electricity
movement of any charge (ion)