Game of Life: Occupational Segregation and Pay Gap

What are the main gender-based differences in today’s work world?

Different kinds of work, unequal pay, and job discrimination including hiring, promotion, and treatment like harassment

Are the skill differences between men and women large?

No, work-related skill differences between men and women are actually small

What is occupational segregation?

The concentration of women or men in different, often based on gender roles or stereotypes

What are examples of male-dominated jobs (lowest % of women)?

Construction, installation, maintenance, and repair

What are examples of female-dominated jobs (highest % of women)?

Healthcare, teaching, office/admin work, and childcare

What social factors influence career choice?

Gendered stereotypes, bias, discrimination, and modeling

What is the current adjusted gender pay gap in the US?

4.9% (after controlling for factors like age, education, job title, etc.)

Do women receive equal pay when doing the same job men?

No, they are often still paid less

What is the glass ceiling?

Invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching upper-level executive positions

What is the concrete ceiling?

Stronger barriers faced by ethnic minority women in profession advancement

What is the sticky floor?

Women stuck in low-paying jobs with no clear path for promotion

What is the maternal wall?

Career penalties mother face, like lower pay and fewer opportunities

What is the glass escalator?

Men advancing faster than women in female-dominated jobs

What percent of school superintendents are male?

50%

What is the double shift?

When women work a paid job and so do unpaid labor at home

What is the double duty?

Balancing work with raising children

What is the unadjusted gender pay gap?

Women earn about 80 cents for every dollar earned by men (full-time comparison)

What does the adjusted 5% pay gap represent?

Pay differences due to discrimination and bias after controlling for other factors

How does the motherhood penalty affect salary?

Women with children earn less than childless women, even with similar qualifications.

What is the fatherhood bonus?

Men with children often receive higher salaries

Example of pay gap impact on $75,000 salary?

80% = $60,000 (gender gap) +$3,750 = $78,750 (fatherhood bonus) -$3,750 = 71,250 (motherhood penalty)