ap gov unit 2 + 3 test review

enumerated powers

expressed powers written in Article 1, Section 8

speaker of the house

top leader of the house, controls agenda + floor debate

majority leader

leads the majority party in each chamber

chairpersons

heads of committees from majority party

filibuster

unlimited Senate debate to delay a vote

cloture

vote to end filibuster

holds

when a senate blocks a bill from going to the floor

unanimous consent

senate agreement to skip debate and vote quickly

rules committee

house committee that sets debate rules for bills

committee of the whole

house procedure to speed up debate

discharge petition

majority vote to force a bill out of committee to the floor

ratification

senate approval of treaties

confirmation powers

senate approval of presidential appointments

budget process

congress passes appropriations, mandatory + discretionaryy spending

gerrymandering

drawing voting districts to favor a party

redistricting

redrawing house district lines

divided government

different parties control branches, leads to gridlock

lame duck

period where outgoing officials have reduced influence

trustee

vote based on personal judgement

delegate

vote based on constituents’ wishes

politico

mix of trustee and delegate depending on situation

veto

president rejects a bill

pocket veto

bill dies if president ignores it near end of session

bully pulpit

president uses messaging power to influence public opinion

executive orders

directives with force of law

signing statements

presidents written comments when signing bills

confirmations

senate approval of presidential nominees

limited executive

strict constitutional view, only powers explicitly granted

expanded executive

broad view, president acts beyond written powers

social media powers

modern way for presidents to communicate directly with public

precedents

prior court decisions guiding future rulings

stare decisis

letting previous decisions stand

ideologies on the court

justices’ conservative/liberal philosophies

responding to court decisions

ways branches/states react (pass laws, ignore, enforce)

issue networks

alliances among interest groups, bureaucrats, experts to shape policy

discretionary authority

agencies choose how to enforce laws

rule making authority

agencies create regulations

power of the purse

congress funds or defunds agencies

compliance monitoring

agencies check if groups follow regulations

bureaucratic accountability

congress, courts, and president holding agencies responsible

civil liberties

bill of rights protections from government

civil rights

protections against discrimination, equal protection under law

establishment clause

government cannot establish a religion

free exercise clause

government cannot stop religious practice

symbolic speech

protected nonverbal expression

limits to speech

can restrict if incites violence or threats

clear and present danger

test for restricting speech that creates danger (schenck vs us)

prior restraint

stopping publicatoin before it happens

national security issues

government may restrict speech threatening public safety

individual liberties and arms

2nd amendment protects individual gun rights

cruel and unusual punishments

8th amendment ban on harsh penalties

digital metadata gathering

government collection of digital information (4th amendment)

selective incorporation

applying bill of rights to states via 14th amendment

due process rights

fair treatment under the law (5th and 14th amendments)

public safety exceptions

rights limited when safety is at risk

right to counsel

right to attorney

warrants and searches

4th amendment, specific

limits on bulk data collection

restrictions on mass surveillance

exclusionary rule

illegally obtained evidence cannot be used

right to privacy

implied protection of personal life/choices

discrimination limits

government cannot deny equal protection

civil rights act of 1964

ended discrimination in public places + employment

voting rights act of 1965

ended racial discrimination in voting

title ix (1972)

bans sex discrimination in education

end of segregation

brown v board ended “separate but equal”

affirmative action goals

policies supporting equal opportunity for minorities

letter from birmingham jail

mlk defense of civil disobedience