Pelvic anatomy & physiology

Hypogastric, iliac

The uterus is located in the _________ region and the ovaries are located in the ______ region.

Linea terminalis

What is the imaginary line called that connects the superior sacrum to the symphysis pubis and separates the true and false pelvis?

Rectus Abdominis

What muscles form the anterior abdominal wall?

Levator Ani

What muscles form the floor of the pelvis?

levator ani and coccygeus

What two muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

hypo echoic to pelvic organs

pelvic muscles are typically:

pouch of Douglas

Which pelvic space is most likely to collect free fluid?

space of retzius

which pelvic space is least likely to collect free fluid?

broad ligament

The mesovarium and mesosalpinx are portions of the:

uterosacral and suspensory

What two ligaments determine the cervix position/orientation in the pelvis?

ovarian

which ligament supports the medial aspect of the ovary and its position relative to the uterine cornua?

right and left elevator ani

The vagina is positioned between what 2 pelvic muscles?

lower uterine segment

what segment of the uterus is only referred to during pregnancy?

endometrium, myometrium

The _______ layer of the uterine wall is involved in the menstrual cycle and. the ______ layer of the uterine wall is involved in the birthing process.

a sagittal plane, from uterine fundus to the level of the external os

How is the length of the uterus measured correctly?

anteverted

A uterus with <90 degree to the cervix and the cervix angles anterior from its origin at the vaginal cuff is described as:

retroflexed

A uterus with the body folded posteriorly at a very sharp angle to the cervix is described as:

left , right

Levo - indicates a structure is positioned more to the _____, while dextrose- indicates a structure is positioned more to the ______.

increased resistance with higher RI value

How does flow change in the uterine artery as a patient ages?

the internal iliac artery

The uterine artery originates from:

uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes

The uterine artery supplies blood multiple branches that perfuse which of the following ?

straight, spiral

The ______ arteries supply the basal endometrium, while the _________ arteries supply the functional endometrium.n

posterior and medial

The internal iliac veins are _____ to the internal

Ovarian, infundibulopelvic

The _______ ligament connects the ovary to the uterine cornua, while the ______ ligament connects the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

iliac vessels

What sonographic landmark is preferred for locating the ovaries?

dominant follicle

Graafian follicle is another term for the:

uterine artery, ovarian artery, and internal iliac artery

Which of the following is involved in supplying blood to the ovaries?

infundibulum

what part of the fallopian tube us described as a trumpet-shaped end that opens into the pelvic peritoneal cavity?

ampulla, interstitial

An ectopic pregnancy is most likely to form in the _______ segment of the fallopian tubes, while the most dangerous location for an ectopic pregnancy to form is in the ________ segment

onset of menses

Menarche refers to:

onset of breast development

Thelarche refers to:

hypothalamic or pituitary tumor

what is the common cause of precocious puberty?

functionalis layer, decidual layer, and spiral arteries

what of the following is sloughed off during menstruation?

luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin hormone which stimulates the pituitary gland to release:

luteinizing hormone

which of the following is responsible for ovulation?

estrogen

which of the following causes development of secondary sex characteristics?

estradiol

levels of ______ are monitored to predict ovulation in patients undergoing fertility treatments.

estrone

what is the only type of estrogen found in the postmenopausal woman?

• produced by the corpus luteal cells post-ovulation

• responsible for premenstrual symptoms and symptoms of pregnancy

• responsible for endometrial proliferation AFTER ovulation to prepare for implantation

which of the following correctly describes progesterone ?

• oxytocin

• prolactin

• progesterone

which of the following is involved in breast development/lacation?

during menses

When is estrogen at its lowest level during the menstrual cycle?

late proliferative phase

during what phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium appear trilamniar?

measure th thickness of the two functionalis layers and add them together

when endometrial fluid is present how is the endometrial thickness reported?

<5mm

postmenopausal symptomatic patient with no hormone replacement therapy demonstrates a normal endometrial thickness of:

10 mm

non-dominant follicles are typically _______ or less in size

luteinizing hormone

A surge in what hormone causes ovulation?

To stimulate the endometrium to prepare for implantation

why does the corpus luteal cyst secrete progesterone ?

corpus luteal cyst

what produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy until the placenta takes over at 14 weeks weeks?

trophoblast

The ______ secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is detected in maternal urine.

• ovulation

• endometrial proliferation

• formation of dominant follicles

Oral contraception pills (OCP) prevent:

liver

A benign tumor formation in what organ has been most associated with the use of OCP?

barium sulfate

What is included in the construction of some IUDs that makes them visible on x-ray examinations?

3-D transvaginal ultrasound

What is the gold standard method of evaluation of IUD position in the endometrial cavity?

progestin

A mirena IUD secretes _______ to prevent implantation of the embryo

Fallopian tubes

Essure devices are coils that are placed in the _______ to prevent pregnancy

hypermenorrhea

All of the following are symptoms of menopause, except:

coronary artery disease

Hormone replacement (HRT) therapy reduces the risk of:

reduced risk of endometrial cancer

why is combined HRT preferred over unopposed estrogen therapy?

• pulmonary embolism

• deep vein thrombosis

• endometrial hyperplasia/cancer

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of:

breast cancer

Tamoxifen therapy is used to treat patients with a history of what condition?