ALL APUSH RECALL (EXCEPT UNIT 1)

What were the main goals and methods of French colonization from 1607-1754?

France mainly wanted trade, especially furs and fish, so it built trading posts more than large settlements, sent relatively few settlers, and often relied on Native alliances and intermarriage.

What were the main goals and methods of Dutch colonization from 1607-1754?

The Dutch mainly wanted profit through trade, sent Henry Hudson to find a water route, and built New Amsterdam into a major trading hub without focusing much on religious conversion.

Why did the British colonize North America from 1607-1754, and how was their colonization different?

The British colonized for economic opportunity, social mobility, religious freedom, and better living conditions, and unlike the French and Dutch, they sent larger numbers of permanent settlers who focused on farming and land settlement.

What were the major differences among European colonizers from 1607-1754?

The Spanish focused more on conquest, conversion, and labor control, the French and Dutch emphasized trade, and the British focused most on permanent settlement and agriculture.

What characterized the Chesapeake colonies from 1607-1754?

The Chesapeake colonies were founded mainly for profit, centered on tobacco, and first relied on indentured servants before shifting toward enslaved African labor.

What characterized New England from 1607-1754?

New England was settled mainly by Puritan families, centered on small towns and family farms, and developed a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

What characterized the Middle Colonies from 1607-1754?

The Middle Colonies developed a grain-based export economy and were more ethnically, culturally, and religiously diverse than New England.

What characterized the British West Indies and southern Atlantic colonies from 1607-1754?

They developed plantation economies based on staple crops like sugar and rice and depended heavily on enslaved African labor.

How did environment and geography shape the British colonies from 1607-1754?

Climate, rivers, soil, and growing seasons shaped each region differently, helping create tobacco in the Chesapeake, family farming in New England, grain exports in the Middle Colonies, and plantation slavery in the South and Caribbean.

What were colonial governments like from 1607-1754? Give an example.

The colonies developed self-governing institutions, though power was usually held by elites; for example, Virginia had the House of Burgesses and New England used town meetings.

What was the main economic system from 1607-1754, and what did it mean?

Mercantilism was the dominant system, meaning colonies existed to enrich the mother country by supplying raw materials, buying manufactured goods, and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

How did Britain try to control the colonial economy from 1607-1754, and why did that create resentment?

Britain used policies like the Navigation Acts to force trade through English ships and British ports, which angered colonists by limiting trade and increasing imperial control.

What was triangular trade from 1607-1754, and what did enslaved Africans go through?

Triangular trade linked New England, West Africa, and the West Indies through exchanges of rum, enslaved people, and sugar, while enslaved Africans endured the brutal Middle Passage, where many died.

How did transatlantic trade affect colonial society from 1607-1754?

It enriched merchants and planters, expanded seaport cities, increased slavery, and helped fuel a consumer revolution in which affluent families bought more goods.

How did the Spanish interact with Native Americans from 1607-1754? Give one example.

The Spanish generally tried to subjugate, convert, and labor-exploit Native peoples through systems like encomienda and caste hierarchy; one example was the Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule.

How did Spanish and English interactions with Native Americans differ from 1607-1754?

The Spanish usually tried to dominate Native labor and convert Native peoples, while the English more often pushed Native peoples off their land as settlers expanded.

How did the English interact with Native Americans from 1607-1754? Give one example.

English expansion onto Native land led to repeated conflict and displacement; for example, Metacom’s War broke out in New England over English encroachment.

How did the French interact with Native Americans from 1607-1754?

The French usually treated Native groups more as trade partners and military allies, maintaining better relations through trade and intermarriage.

Why did Europeans rarely face fully unified Native resistance from 1607-1754?

Native groups were diverse and often had rivalries with one another, so Europeans could ally with some groups against others.

Why did slavery expand in the British colonies from 1607-1754?

Slavery expanded because plantation agriculture grew, demand for colonial goods increased, land was abundant, and indentured servants became less available and less attractive after events like Bacon’s Rebellion.

What was chattel slavery from 1607-1754, and how did slave laws become harsher?

Chattel slavery was a race-based system in which enslaved people were treated as property for life, and colonial laws increasingly made slavery hereditary, permanent, and more strictly controlled.

How did enslaved people resist slavery from 1607-1754? Give an example.

Enslaved people resisted both covertly and overtly: covert resistance included preserving culture, religion, language, and family customs or slowing work, while overt resistance included rebellion, such as the Stono Rebellion.

What was the Enlightenment from 1607-1754, and how did it shape colonial thought?

The Enlightenment emphasized reason, natural rights, and scientific inquiry, and it shaped colonial thought through ideas like John Locke’s natural rights and social contract.

What was the social contract from 1607-1754?

The social contract was the idea that people give government some power in exchange for protection of their natural rights.

What was the Great Awakening from 1607-1754? Give an example of a preacher.

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that emphasized emotional preaching and personal faith; major preachers included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

How did the Great Awakening affect colonial society from 1607-1754?

It challenged traditional authority, encouraged ordinary people to think for themselves in religion, and helped spread more democratic attitudes.

What was Anglicization from 1607-1754, and why did colonists still grow frustrated with Britain?

Anglicization was the process by which the colonies became more culturally and politically similar to Britain, but colonists still grew frustrated with British controls like trade restrictions and impressment.

What caused the French and Indian War from 1754-1800?

The war began because Britain and France competed for control of the Ohio River Valley, where British colonists were pushing into land claimed by the French and their Native allies.

What was the Albany Congress from 1754-1800, and why was it important?

The Albany Congress was a meeting of colonial delegates and Iroquois representatives to coordinate defense, trade, and western expansion; Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union failed, but it foreshadowed later intercolonial cooperation.

What did the Peace of Paris of 1763 result in from 1754-1800?

Britain gained Canada and land east of the Mississippi, Spain gave Florida to Britain, and France was largely removed from mainland North America.

What were the major consequences of the French and Indian War from 1754-1800?

Britain gained more land but also massive debt, so it taxed the colonies more, and western expansion increased conflict with Native peoples, leading Britain to issue the Proclamation Line of 1763.

What did Britain do from 1754-1800 that pushed the colonies toward revolution?

After the French and Indian War, Britain ended salutary neglect, enforced trade laws more strictly, kept troops in the colonies through quartering, imposed taxes like the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Tea Act, and punished resistance with the Intolerable Acts, all of which convinced many colonists that Britain was threatening their liberty.

Why did colonists oppose British taxation and control from 1754-1800?

Colonists argued that Parliament had no right to tax them without direct representation, rejected Britain’s idea of virtual representation, and saw new taxes and restrictions as evidence of growing tyranny.

What major events increased colonial anger toward Britain from 1754-1800?

Major events included the Stamp Act protests, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts, which deepened resistance and pushed colonists toward open rebellion.

What ideas shaped the American Revolution from 1754-1800?

The Revolution was shaped by Enlightenment ideas such as natural rights, consent of the governed, social contract, and separation of powers, especially through thinkers like John Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread to ordinary colonists from 1754-1800?

Pamphlets like Thomas Paine’s Common Sense translated Enlightenment ideas into simple language and persuaded more ordinary colonists to support independence.

How did relations between Britain and the colonies break down from 1754-1800?

The First Continental Congress still hoped for reconciliation, but Britain refused to change course, and by the Second Continental Congress the colonies moved toward independence.

What happened at the Second Continental Congress from 1754-1800?

It managed the war effort, appointed Washington commander, and eventually approved independence and the Declaration of Independence.

How did Americans fight and win the Revolutionary War from 1754-1800?

The Americans used a war of attrition, avoided total defeat, and survived long enough to gain foreign aid, especially from France.

What were the key turning points and major battles of the Revolutionary War from 1754-1800?

Lexington and Concord began the war, Saratoga was the turning point that helped secure French alliance, and Yorktown was the final major victory that forced British surrender.

What did the Revolutionary War reveal about colonial society from 1754-1800?

The war divided colonists among patriots, loyalists, and the neutral, and it pushed groups like women and enslaved people to seek greater freedom or new roles.

What were the influences of revolutionary ideals from 1754-1800?

Women took on larger wartime roles and later were linked to republican motherhood, the idea that women should be educated to raise virtuous republican citizens, influenced revolutions abroad such as in France and Haiti, the language of liberty and equality encouraged criticism of slavery, though slavery continued and even expanded in many places.

How did the Articles of Confederation work from 1754-1800?

The Articles created a weak confederation in which states kept most power, Congress had only one house, each state had one vote, major laws needed 9 of 13 states, and amendments required unanimity.

What was the Northwest Ordinance from 1754-1800, and why was it important?

It created a process for western territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

What were the major problems with the Articles of Confederation from 1754-1800? Give an example.

The national government could not tax, regulate trade, or raise a strong military, and Shays’s Rebellion showed how weak it was.

What happened at the Constitutional Convention from 1754-1800?

Delegates met to fix the Articles but ended up creating a new Constitution with a stronger federal government.

What were the major plans and compromises at the Constitutional Convention from 1754-1800?

The Virginia Plan favored large states, the New Jersey Plan favored small states, the Great Compromise created a bicameral legislature, and the Three-Fifths Compromise counted enslaved people for representation.

What made ratification of the Constitution difficult from 1754-1800?

Federalists supported a stronger national government, Anti-Federalists feared too much central power and lack of protections for liberty, and ratification was secured by promising a Bill of Rights.

What were the major differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists from 1754-1800?

Federalists wanted a stronger national government, while Anti-Federalists feared centralized power and wanted stronger protections for individual liberties.

What did the Constitution do from 1754-1800?

It created a stronger federal system, divided power between national and state governments, separated powers among three branches, and built in checks and balances.

How did George Washington and the new federal government shape the republic from 1754-1800?

Washington set early precedents, created the cabinet, supported Hamilton’s financial program, kept the nation neutral, and reinforced federal authority.

What did Alexander Hamilton do from 1754-1800, and why was it important?

Hamilton created a financial plan including a national bank and assumption of state debts, which strengthened national credit and tied states more closely to the federal government.

How did the new republic handle foreign policy challenges from 1754-1800?

Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality, avoided deep involvement in the French Revolution, signed Jay’s Treaty with Britain, and secured Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain.

What were Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty from 1754-1800?

Jay’s Treaty got Britain to leave frontier posts but did not end impressment, while Pinckney’s Treaty gave the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans and set the southern boundary at the 31st parallel.

What did the Whiskey Rebellion show from 1754-1800?

It showed that the new federal government was much stronger than the Articles government because Washington was able to enforce federal law and stop the uprising.

How did political parties emerge from 1754-1800?

Disagreements over the power of the federal government, the economy, and foreign policy led to the rise of Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

How did Federalists and Democratic-Republicans differ from 1754-1800?

Federalists, led by Hamilton, favored a strong national government, commerce, and closer ties to Britain, while Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights, agriculture, and sympathy for France.

What did Washington warn against in his Farewell Address from 1754-1800?

He warned against political factions and entangling foreign alliances.

What happened during John Adams’s presidency from 1754-1800?

Adams kept the nation neutral, faced the XYZ Affair with France, and signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which angered Democratic-Republicans. The XYZ Affair involved French demands for a bribe before negotiations, and the Alien and Sedition Acts allowed deportation of foreigners and punished criticism of the government.

What ideas and leaders defined the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists from 1800-1848?

Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, favored agrarianism, strict construction, and limited federal power, while Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government and a commercial economy.

How did Jeffersonian Republicans try to limit federal power from 1800-1848?

They reduced the military, cut federal jobs, and repealed taxes like the whiskey tax to shrink the size of government.

What was the Louisiana Purchase from 1800-1848, and why was it important?

Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, which doubled the size of the United States even though it conflicted with his strict-construction beliefs.

What did the Corps of Discovery do from 1800-1848?

Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Territory, improved maps, gathered scientific knowledge, and built diplomatic contacts with Native peoples.

What happened in Marbury v. Madison from 1800-1848?

The Supreme Court established judicial review, giving itself the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

How did Jefferson handle foreign threats and trade problems from 1800-1848?

He fought the Barbary pirates rather than keep paying higher tribute and tried to pressure Britain and France with the Embargo Act, though it hurt the U.S. economy more than Europe.

What were the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act from 1800-1848?

The Embargo Act stopped American trade to pressure Britain and France over impressment, but it badly hurt the U.S. economy, so the Non-Intercourse Act replaced it and only banned trade with Britain and France.

What caused the War of 1812 from 1800-1848, and what were its major effects?

The war was caused by British impressment and British support for Native resistance in the West; it increased nationalism and helped destroy the Federalist Party, which had opposed the war.

Why did the Federalist Party collapse from 1800-1848?

Their opposition to the War of 1812, especially at the Hartford Convention, made them seem out of touch and disloyal, which ruined the party.

What was Henry Clay’s American System from 1800-1848?

Clay’s American System called for a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements to strengthen the national economy.

What regional tensions grew after the War of 1812 from 1800-1848?

Different regions disagreed over tariffs, internal improvements, banking, and especially slavery as westward expansion raised the question of whether new states would be slave or free.

What was the Missouri Compromise from 1800-1848, and why was it important?

Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while drawing the 36°30′ line, temporarily easing sectional conflict over slavery.

How did the United States expand its position on the world stage from 1800-1848?

The U.S. settled border issues with Britain, acquired Florida from Spain, recognized new Latin American republics, and warned Europe against interference through the Monroe Doctrine.

What happened with Spain and Florida from 1800-1848?

Conflict over Florida raids and Andrew Jackson’s actions helped pressure Spain into signing the Adams-Onís Treaty, which gave Florida to the United States.

What was the Monroe Doctrine from 1800-1848?

The Monroe Doctrine declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to new European colonization or interference.

What was the Market Revolution from 1800-1848?

The Market Revolution linked northern industry with western and southern agriculture through major advances in transportation, technology, and commercial farming.