Architectural structures (copy)

arch struc

loads

It is the general term applied for all forces which act upon a structure and anything else which causes stresses or deformation within a structure, or part thereof.

Effective depth

part of stress profile in RC beam measured from the extreme compressive fiber to the central axis of the reinforcing steel bar.

bD

Formula or equation in finding the area of concrete under compression

Stress block

It is the concentration of compressive forces acting on the concrete section of a beam, named after Charles Whitney adapted by ACI in 1956

FC

the nominal moment passing through the compressive and tensile components of the RC beamin the stress profile

40mm

Minimum concrete cove to protect the steel exposed to weather where concrete has already failed in tension

4000psi

for strength reduction factor _ is .85 Fc for concrete strenght equal to

Live load

Refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all

Structural Analysis

the analysis of the stress, strain and deflection characteristics of structural behavior

Zero

for a system to be equilibrium, the sum of the external forces acting on the system must be:

.004

unitless ratio on the extreme compressive fiber when concrete starts to fail

Jd

The polar moment of inertia passing through the moment arm in compression and tension of the RC beam in the stress profile

Span

The part of the beam which shows the transformed section, stress profile, and strain profile

Transformed section

an imaginary cross section of a beam in which the steel is replaced by a hypothetical concrete area that is n times the area of the steel.The imaginary concrete area has the same modulus of elasticity a the concrete in compression above the neutral axis

Balanced design

refers to reinforced concrete beam in which the cross sectional areas of concrete and steel are such dimensions that each develops its full allowable stress simultaneously.

n

The property of steel denoted as the ratio of steel elastic modulus to that concrete elastic modulus.

d-Kd/3

the formula or equation in determining the value of Jd

similar triangles

principle of geometry derived from the formula K= [fc/(fs/n) +fc] used in the design and investigation of RC beams

Tendon

What is a steel element such
as wire, cable, bar, rod or
strand, or a bundle of such
elements, used to impart
prestress to concrete?

db not less than 15 mm, not exceed 40 mm

The minimum concrete
cover for primary reinforcement
of beams and columns not
exposed to earth or weather for
precast manufactured under
plant control conditions

Anchor bolts

a round, steel bolt
embedded in concrete or
masonry used to hold down
machinery, steel columns or
beams, casting, shoes, beam
plates and engine heads

Not less than effective depth 12 db or 1/16th the clear span

the minimum requirement for
development of at least 1/3 of the
total reinforcement provided for
negative moment reinforcement as an
embedment length beyond the point
of infection

no more than d/2 throughout the
length of the member

As a seismic requirement for flexural members
where hoops are required, how are the
remaining portions of a beam treated with
transverse reinforcement as minimum
requirement other than those required with
hoops?

Portal method

a method of analyzing
intermediate modular building
frames by assuming hinges at
the center of beam spans and
column height

Batter piles

piles at an inclination
to resist forces that are not
critical

4 db

minimum inside
diameter of a standard hook for
stirrups and ties for a 16 mm
and smaller in diameter

6.0 mm

Two M.S. plates are to be
welded by end butt joint by a
partial-penetration groove weld. The thicknesses of the plates
are 16 mm. what is the
minimum effective throat
thickness of the weld?

90 degree bend 12 db
extension

How is a 90 degree bend standard
look for concrete reinforcement
constructed?

Shear and moment diagram

design analysis requirement, considered as a basis
for the structural design of buildings and structures, where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm

equal to the dead load deflection

How is camber treated in steel truss 25 meters longer?

Bond stress

The force adhesion per unit
area of contact between two
bonded surface

Axial stress

axial load, axial force; the resultant longitudinal internal component of force which acts perpendicular to the cross section of a structural member and at its centroid, producing uniform stress

Allowable stress

the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications

Flexural Stress

the stress that can cause the bending of a member, as under a load

Tensile stress

The stress per unit area of the original cross section of a material which resist its elongation

Safety factor

The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working load

Cement

The most important component to determine the strength of concrete mix

Height

To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the area of its base by its

Contraction joint

An expansion joint's adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them

Construction joint

a joint where two successive placements of concrete meet; a separation provided in a building which allows its component parts to move with respect to each other

Modulus of elasticity

Ratio of unit stress to unit strain

Stirrups

A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete beam

e = PL/AE

Modulus of elasticity

Volume

amount of space measured in cubic units

Effective length

distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks

Development length

minimum length of straight reinforcing bar or reinforcing rod which is required to anchor it in concrete

Development length

the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength at a critical section

Live load

refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all

Dead load

the weight of a structure itself, including the weight of fixtures or equipment permanently attached to it

Concentrated load

a load acting on a very small area of a structure

Distributed load

a load which acts evenly over a structural member or over a surface that supports the load

Load-bearing walls

Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight.

Girder

major horizontal supporting member of the floor system

Deflection

deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it

Punching shear

failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes a hole through

Stiffness ratio

The measure of the stiffness of a material

Proportional limit

greatest stress to which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress

Moment of Inertia

of a body around an axis, the sum of the products obtained by multiplying each element of mass by the square of its distance from the axis

Yielding stress

maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively when the material sustain without failure

Working stress

or allowable stress; in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications

Bond stress

the force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces, such as between concrete and a steel reinforcing bar

Deformation

material changes in shape when subjected to the action of a force

Reflection

the change of direction which a ray of light, sound or radiant heat undergoes when it strikes a surface

bearing wall

all which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame

Retaining wall

a wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, that bears against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and other forces from the material in contact with the side of the wall, thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a lower elevation

Curtain wall

in a tall building of steel-frame construction, an exterior wall that is non-loadbearing, having no structural function

Shear wall

a wall which in its own plane carries shear, resulting from forces such as wind, blast or earthquake

Tension

the state or condition of being pulled or stretched

Torsion

A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line

Expansion joint

a joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure or concrete work which permits their relative movement due to temperature changes (or other conditions) without rupture or damage

Slenderness ratio

In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration

inflection point

The section at which the moment changes from positive to negative

20 mm

Minimum clearance of concrete slab

0.10

minimum thickness of reinforced concrete wall for Masonry Chimneys for residential Type Appliances

space frame

A three dimensional structural system without the bearing walls, composed of interconnected members laterally supported so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing system

increase

In bond stress, as the yield strength of reinforcement fy is increased, the allowable tensile stress of the reinforcement, fs, requiring the development of higher bond stress or the need for greater embedment lengths will

parallel coplanar force system

consists of several forces, the lines of action of which are parallel

0.20

minimum thickness of the Front and Side Walls of a Smoke Chamber of a Fireplace

purlins

Longitudinal beams which rest on top chord, and preferably at the joints of the truss

jack rafter

any rafter that is shorter than the usual length of the rafters used in the same building; esp. occurs in hip roofs

rafters

one of a series of inclined structural members from the ridge of the roof down to the eaves, providing support for the covering of a roof

girders

a large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length

resisting moment

This element at any transverse cross section of a straight beam is the algebraic sum of the moments taken about an axis passing through the center of the cross section, of all the loads and reactions applied to the portion of the beam on either side of the cross section

structural analysis

Determination of internal forces using equilibrium, Hooke's Law, and compatibility

plastic analysis

Determination of load effects on members and connections based on the assumption of rigid-plastic behavior

seismic analysis

Determination of seismic effect on the the structure

one-way slab

When the ratio of the short span to the long span of a slab is less then 0.50

shear force

This element at any transverse cross-section of a straight beam is the algebraic sum of the components acting transverse to the axis of the beam of all loads and reactions applied to the portion of the beam on either side of the cross-section

force

a push or pull that tends to move a body to the direction of its action

1Mpa

1 N/mm2

Y component

the component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed towards gravity

yield point

stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load

elastic limit

maximum stress which material springs back to the original length when the load is released

tension

a longitudinal strain that tend to elongate the object

tension

act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting to elongation of an elastic body.

Rupture Strength

Stress at which material specimen breaks.

elastic range

the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation

x component

component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed parallel to the horizon

fatigue

weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to repeated series of stresses

elastic deformation

temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress