ATE2638L: Urine

Anuria

complete suppression of urine formation

Cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

Dysuria

difficulty or painful urination

Glomerular Filtrate

the fluid that passes from the blood through the glomurelus.

Hematuria

RBC’s in urine; can happen due to bleeding kidneys, inflammation; infection; blocked cats

Hemoglobinuria

Protein in rbc’s that carries oxygen is released into the urine. can cause the urine to appear red, pink, or brown; lysed rbc’s.

Isothenuria

Fixed SG: 1008-1012; For an animal to have true fixed SG, that means kidneys are not functioning- seen with renal disease.

Myoglobinuria

excretion of myoglobin in urine; a protein from muscle breakdown

Nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

Oliguria

decreased urine volume (shock)

Polyuria

abnormal increase in urine vol. (diabetes inspidius or mellitus)

Pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidney w/ bacteria

Pyouria

pus/infection of the bladder (WBC’s in bladder)

Four methods of collection

Voided, cysto, manual expression, u-cath.

Voided adv. vs. dis.

simple, non invasive, dis: not sterile, cannot be used for bacterial exam or culture

manual expression of bladder

few advantages, usually done with sedation and anesthesia. dis: nonsterile, animals object, possible bladder rupture or trauma that can produce hematuria.

cysto

adv: preferred method, tolerated well, best for culture and bacterial exam, true bladder sample. dis: fairly full bladder needed, cannot be used with TCC

which urine collection can cause hematuria

manual

u-cath adv. vs. dis.

ad: lowers contamination, preferred in UTO, easier in male dogs.

dis: not sterile, may cause trauma to urethral bladder, more difficult in cats and female dogs

Fire morning sample is most

concentrated

Urine should be read within ____ min?

30

Urine can be refrigerated for up to ___ hours?

6 hours

What chemical is needed to preserve sediment? When is this done?

Formalin- after the chemical and gross analysis is performed.

What does a dry mount tell you

differentiates bacteria and cells

How to perform a dry mount cytology

On oil, add 1 drop of serum or plasma added to the sediment and push smear. Air dry and stain with common hematological stain. Rinse gently.

What happens when urine sits

1) Decreased glucose and bilirubin

2)Increased PH because of bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia

3)Increased turbidity and increased production of crystals or existing crystals melt

4)Casts disintegrate as PH changes

5) Increased bacteria; Gram negative rods double every 20 minutes

Gross exam includes:

Color, transparency, odor, SG

Bacteria odor smells like

pungent

ketoacidosis urine smells

sweet

SG

very large normal range from 1002-1060.

measures true renal function (concentrating and diluting ability of kineys)

density of urine compared to distilled water

it’s the first function to be lost as a results of tubular damage

pH is affected by:

Diet

<7= Acidic

>7 Alkaline

Protein

A trace of protein is okay

True

Proteinuria can be caused by:

renal failure infection or inflammation of kidney or bladder; fever; burns

Casts come from the

kidneys

Glucose is seen in:

diabetes

renal threshold

180 mg/dl . when blood glucose gets to be a certain level, it spills out into the urine, typically in diabetics.

ketones are caused from:

goes with diabetics and ketoacidosis; EMERGENCY; burns; starvation

ketones are a production of

fat metabolism when there is no available carbs.

Blood in urine can be caused by 3 things

hematuria (RBC’s); hemoglobinuria; myoglobinuria

hemoglobinuria vs hematuria

hgburia: lysed rbc’s; when centrifuged, it will go in red and come out red.

hematuria: in tact rbc’s, when centrifuged to get sediment, the Rbc’s will be at the bottom and rest of the tube will be yellow.

myoglobinuria

muscle breakdown; brown urine even after sediment ; DIC

Bilirubin (explain dogs vs cats threshold)

urine will be dark orange-yellow; liver disease. trace is okay in dog due to low threshold; significant in cats. cats have higher renal threshold for bilirubin. cats bilirubin is much higher before it starts showing in urine. they’ll be much sicker before it starts showing in urine. 

Cells are quantitated by what range

0-5 leukocytes #LPF/HPF

Dry mount cytology

smear on a slide, dry, and diff quick to go to oil

Urine Sediment

fluid is seen on HPF

Ammonium biurate

liver disease; thorny apple; spiculated thorn; seen more in dogs

Struvite

coffin shaped; alkaline urine >7ph

calcium oxalate

diamond; crosses in middle. <7ph acidic

Casts are formed in the

urine tubules

order of casts and what the order means

Hyaline, cellular, granular, waxy. As the kidneys become more sluggish they go from one end to the other due to casts sitting in tubules for a long period of time before being flushed out

If you see rbc or wbc in cast that means

that there is either a bleed in kidney or infection in kidney

waxy casts means

kidney is shutting down ; BAD

Casts are viewed on which power field

LPF

Crystals and bacteria are quantitated with

plus system

3 pathological crystals

Cystine, Tyrosine, and Lucine all indicate liver disease.

fat droplets vs rbc’s

fat or air bubbles has black around cell. rbcs don’t have the black around cell.

2 urine parasites

bladder worm (look like whipworms but in urine) pearsinema plica , previously capillary plica.

Check for hemoglobinuria via

dipstick

BUN meaning; produced and excreted by; marker for?

blood urea nitrogen

produced in liver; excreted by kidneys

L and K dysfunction

Azotemia

Renal azotemia

High SG=

LowSG=

^dehydration

^renal disease, diuretics, PUPD

Where do renal epithelial cells, transitional, and form?

renal: kidneys

transitional: bladder

squamous: distal aspect of bladder and all of urethra

Difference between infection vs inflammation

infection = bacteria has to be present

What points to renal involvement

Casts (not hyaline)

2 most common crystals

struvite and calcium oxalate

which crystals are formed by acidic vs alkaline urine?

Calcium ox= acidic

struvite= alkaline