Anatomy: Heart/Circulation

Pericardium

serous membrane surrounding the heart, the fluid within this membrane reduces friction on the heart

Serous Membrane

dual layered membrane with small amounts of fluid in the cavity between layers.

Fibrous, Parietal, Visceral

Layers of pericardium, superficial to deep

Endocardium

this layer of the heart is characterized as an internal thin layer of epithelium (simple squamous) plus areolar connective tissue.

Myocardium

This layer of the heart is characterized by thick cardiac muscle tissue and is the middle layer

Epicardium

This layer of the heart is also called the visceral serous pericardium and is the outermost layer of the heart

Tricuspid valve

valve located in between the right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

this valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Bicuspid valve

this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic Semilunar valve

This valve is located between the left ventricle and ascending aorta

Auricle

an externally projecting pocket

Pectinate muscle

rough muscle on the internal surface of lateral wall of the atria’s

Chordae Tendinae

commonly known as the heart strings, these connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid/bicuspid valves.

Papillary muscle

these muscles make sure the cusps of the valves don’t invert and allow backflow of blood in the heart. They are connected to chordae tendinae

Trabeculae Carnea

these are rough bundles of muscle on the internal walls of ventricles, they help with efficient contraction during systole

Moderator band

tissue running from the interventricular septum to papillary muscles and carries fibers of the cardiac conduction system

Coronary sulci

superficial grooves in the heart that allow for coronary arteries and epicardial fat. Main sulci’s include the atrioventricular and interventricular sulci

Right Coronary Artery

This artery emerges from the base of the aorta. It course’s inferiorly, then wraps posteriorly within right atrioventricular sulci and branches into sinoatrial artery, right marginal artery, and AV nodal artery

Left Coronary Artery

this artery emerges form the base of the aorta. It is short and terminally brnaches around 1 inch into the anterior atrioventricular artery, circumflex artery.

Coronary Sinus

This vein collects blood from coronary circulation and drains it into the right atrium, contains great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein

Anastomosis

this term defines a connection between blood vessels that bypass capillary beds, can be an artery to vein, artery to artery, or vein to vein

Tunic Externa

Outer layer of blood vessels, contains connective and adipose tissue and small blood vessels

Tunica media

the middle layer of blood vessels, contains smooth muscle

Tunica Intima

the inner layer of blood vessels, contains endothelial lining, basement membrane, and connective tissue

Elastic Arteries

this type of artery is characterized by a larger diameter, and a greater ratio of elastic fibers in the tunica media

Muscular Arteries

this type of artery is characterized by having a medium diameter, a greater ratio of smooth muscle in turnica media, and autonomic control of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Arterioles

this type of artery is characterized by having the smallest diameter, it regulates blood flow between arteries and capillaries

Continous Capillaries

this type of capillary is characterized by uninterupted epithelium, located in connective tissue, muscle, skin, lungs, and CNS

Fenestrated Capillaries

this type of capillary is characterized by small windows through endothelial cells and allows for rapid exchange of fluids and metabolites, found in endocrine glands, kidneys, GI tract

Discontinous capillaries

This type of capillary is characterized by large gaps within and between endothelial cells, extensive exchange of fluids and cells. Found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Brachiocephalic trunk

This part of the aortic arch bifurcates into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

Left Common carotid Artery

this artery supplies the head and the neck, arises from aortic arch

Left subclavian artery

this artery supplies the upper limb, arises from aortic arch

Posterior intercostal arteries

paired segmental artery branches supplying the thoracic wall, arises from the thoracic aorta

Bronchial arteries

these arteries supply bronchi, bronchioles, and the connective tissue of lungs. Arises from the thoracic aorta

Esophageal arteries

these arteries supply the esophagus, they arise from the thoracic arch

Superior phrenic arteries

these arteries supply the diaphragm from the thoracic side, arises from thoracic aorta

superior vena cava

formed by convergence of left and right brachiocepahlic veins, recieves blood from the azygos vein, and returns blood to the right atrium

Azygous vein

this vein drains the intercostal veins of the right side of thorax and returns the blood to the superior vena cava

Hemiazygos vein

this vein drains blood from the intercostal veins of the left side of the thorax and returns blood to the azygos vein

External carotid artery

this artery of the neck is the terminal branch of the common carotid artery, it supplies the face and outside of skull.

Internal carotid artery

this artery of the neck is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery and it supplies the brain

Vertebral artery

the artery of the neck is a branch of the subclavian artery, it runs through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and supplies the brain

Cerebral arterial circle

an arterial anastomosis supplying the brain, source of blood comes from the basilar artery, which is the connection of the internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries. The basilar artery branches into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries. Internal carotid artery branches into anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Anterior communicating artery

this artery is located in the cerebral arterial circle, and is the connection between the left and right anterior cerebral arteries

Posterior communicating artery

this artery is located in the cerebral arterial circle, and is the connection between the carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery

Axillary artery

this artery is located in the upper extremity, is the name change of the subclavian artery and supplies the shoulder and armpit

Brachial artery

this artery is located in the upper extremity and is the name change of the axillary artery, it supplies the biceps and triceps

Radial artery

this artery is located in the upper extremity, is a terminal branch of the brachial artery and supplies the lateral side of the forearm and hand

Ulnar artery

this artery is located in the upper extremity and is the terminal branch of the brachial artery, it supplies the medial side of the forearm and hand

Cephalic vein

this vein runs with the radial artery on the radial side and drains into axillary vein

Basilic vein

this vein runs with the ulnar artery on the medial side and drains into axillary vein

Median cubital vein

this vein connects the cephalic and basilic veins

Superficial/deep palmar arch

these anastomoses combines the radial artery and ulnar artery

Inferior phrenic arteries

these arteries supply the diaphragm from the abdominal side

renal arteries

these arteries supply the kidneys

Superior mesenteric artery

this artery supplies the midgut

Common iliac arteries

these arteries are the terminal branches of the aorta around the lumbar and sacral vertebrae

inferior mesenteric artery

this artery supplies the hindgut

celiac trunk

this artery supplies the foregut (trunk)

splenic vein

this vein drains the foregut and merges into the hepatic portal vein

superior mesenteric vein

this vein drains the midgut and merges into hepatic portal vein

inferior mesenteric vein

this vein drains the hindgut and drains into the splenic vein

Hepatic portal vein

this veins collects blood from the GI tract, formed by splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein, delivers blood to the liver for filtration

Inferior vena cava

this vein receives filtered blood from the liver, and returns blood to systemic circulation from the heart

External iliac artery

this artery is the terminal branch of the common iliac artery and transitions into the femoral artery

Femoral artery

this artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery and supplies blood to the upper leg

Popliteal artery

this artery is the name change for the femoral artery and is located behind the knee

anterior tibial artery

this artery is the terminal branch of the popliteal artery and supplies the dorsal foot

posterior tibial artery

this artery is the terminal branch of the popliteal artery and supplies the plantar foot, connected to fibular artery

deep plantar artery

this artery is an anastomosis between dorsal and plantar arteries

great saphenous vein

this vein is on the medial side of the leg and drains into femoral vein

small saphenous vein

this vein is on the lateral side of the leg and drains into the femoral vein