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Clinical psychology
understanding, explaining, and predicting clinical phenomenon
Taxonomies systems
behavioural syndrome within individual —> operationalised in terms of diagnostics(predefnined)
Deviation and the norm standard
Psychopathology is defined by a culture and society i.e hysteria and homosexuality
US Mortality rate phenomenon
rising morbidity and mortality in the US of white middle class, 85% of increase due to liver, accidents, addictions, overdose, and suicide.
lose your job -> no healthcare -> no education -> no hope -> suicide
Illness VS Diseases
Illness: subjective experience of symptoms
Disease: pathology/biology from clinical's perspective using theory of illness. Explantion through casual knowledge
Holism
Allignment/encapsualtions of illness, disease, and verstehen (understanding of inter-subjective meaning)
Two-factor Theory of anxiety by Mowrer
-Emergence: classical conditioning: an earlier neural stimulus get meaning
- Maintenance: operant conditioning: avoidance of stimulus comes with relief of negative emotions
Two accounts of MDD
cogntive account: exposure to stressful experience --> can lead to vulnerability in the form or latent dysfunctional schemas --> if exposed to similar or pother stressful events, these schemas can be awoken --> this negative cognitive bias can lead to depression
A neurotrophin account: stressful experience in development --> can create vulnerability in a low expression of neurotrophic factors --> leading to poor neural functioning such as neurogenesis and apoptosis --> poor cognitive functioning, memory, and concentration --> depression
Scientific approach
- Data: Raw observations, used as evidence of the phenomenon
- Phenomenon: relatively stable features of the world/ or observations
- Theory: a description of how phenomenon come about
