Chapter 2 - What chemical processes support life?

Define the term Metabolic

It is the term that means “related to metabolism.” E.G- A disease can have metabolic causes, or metabolic effects.

Define the term Metabolism

It is the sum of all biological transformations of energy and matter in an organism

flow that air takes

nasal/oral cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Anabolic reactions

• Anabolic Reactions: Energy + Smaller molecules → larger molecule

  • Building muscles (making proteins)

  • Photosynthesis

Catabolic reactions

catabolic Reactions: Larger molecule → energy + smaller molecules

• Digestion

• Cellular respiration

What affects the rates of reaction?

concentration

surface area

temperature

presence of a catalyst

pressure

State the word equation for anaerobic respiration

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy (ATP)

State the word and balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

• Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Label the structure of a mitochondrion and describe the functions of the parts

Inner membrane folds → ATP synthesizing proteins

cristae → folds → more places for reaction → more usable energy

matrix → suitable pH for Kreb’s cycle

Outline the process of ventilation

Inspiration: taking in air rich in oxygen. During inspiration, the ribs are lifted up and the diaphragm flattens. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, decrease in air pressure pulls air into the lungs

Expiration: giving out carbon dioxide. During expiration, the ribs move downward and back to their original position and the diaphragm moves upward back to its dome shape. This decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and increases air pressure and pushes air out of lungs

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

aerobic: 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule, complete oxidation of glucose to water n h20

anaerobic: opp + oxygen debt due to incomplete oxidation

Define photosynthesis

Photosynthesis: the process is which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the forms of sugars.

State the word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

Discuss the limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

Light intensity: rapidly increases to a certain point. It stays relatively the same throughout the rest of the graph. Start at the origin.

Carbon dioxide concentration: Rapidly increases then stays relatively the same afterwards. Also starts at the origin.

Temperature: Rapidly increases, reaching its peak, then rapidly decreases. Start at the origin.

Draw and label the structure of a leaf

Describe the structure and function of enzymes

Structure: They’re basically large proteins/a chain of amino acids

Function: They are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction.

Define catalyst

A substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used in the process.

Define Active site

Region of the enzyme with a specific shape to the substrate molecules.

Explain what is meant by the lock and key theory

In the lock and key hypothesis, the shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules. This makes enzymes highly specific and that each type of enzyme can usually catalyse only one type of reaction. (some may do more though)

Distinguish between substrate, enzyme, product and enzyme-substrate complex

• Substrate: A reactant used in an enzyme

• Enzyme: Biological catalysts to increase speed in reactions

• Product: substances after a biological process has occurred.

outline respiration

Respiration: This is the chemical process of breaking down food particles in the cells in presence of oxygen and releasing energy.

talk abt aerobic and anaerobic

uses for anaerobic respiration in industry

bread (yeast goes thru anaerobic respiration to release CO2 and ethanol), alcohol (yeast fermentation for the glugs)