Botany Test 2 Study Guide

Classification

millions of ficticious species

forces a construct, hoping to make it make sense 

Naming

gives an organism or plant something to be referred by 

What is the most well-known name type?

common name is the most well-known, worst type

Do common names work well in science?

no

Why are Latin (1700’s) names used?

because all scientists have to learn Latin

What did every biologist need to know how to speak in the 1700’s?

every biologist had to speak Latin, their native language, and a language of their choice 

What was needed for science?

speaking Latin

Is Latin a dead language?

yes, was last spoken by the Romans

How did biologists end up using the Latin language?

after Roman fell, the Holy Noble Church took over, then the educated priests, then the scientists took it over 

Is Latin able to be fought over?

no, it is technically nobody’s language

What was the first Scientific naming system in the west?

polynomials 

equals many names

How long could a polynomial be?

it is a description that could reach up to 12 words long

Why did polynomials stop being used?

names were too long

What did Carl Linneaus come up with in the mid 1700’s?

binomial nomenclature

What were all doctors usually classified as in the mid 1700’s?

botanists

What did Carl Linneaus write about?

wrote a book in 1753 that described his rules and what he named things (ex: humans, homo sapienz)

What occurred after Linneaus published his book?

everyone switched from polynomials to binomial nomenclature 

it is still kind of followed to this day

Why do words need underlined according to binomial nomenclature?

words need to be underlined since it is a different language in an English sentence 

Should italics be used in Latin?

yes

First word in binomial nomenclature

ALWAYS capitalized

Second word in binomial nomenclature

NEVER capitalized

Epithet

“epi” means end, occurs at the end of the name

What is supposed to be scientific?

System 

What is a common practice for naming?

naming for the purpose of honor 

Did everything have to be in order back then?

yes

Levels of Classification

Kingdom

Phylum —> Division (usually for plants)

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

What else could fall into the levels of classification?

subcategories, subspecies, breeds, races

What does variety equal

subspecies

What do the Levels of Classification descend into?

it keeps going down into fine slivers 

Are both names a species?

YES

ZMA’s Classification name

not called subspecies

What are subspecies of ZMA’s?

variety and cultivar

What does the L period in ZMA stand for?

L for Linneaus

ZMA-L period-VAR silver queen

What do animals use?

subspecies names 

How are fungi typically written?

like plants

What is classified as an umbrella group?

Kingdoms

Protista

took fungi out of plants

group of rejects: losers of the other 4 kingdoms

What are the 5 major groups?

plants, animals, monera, fungi, protista

Why are protista considered to be the “losers of the groups”

if anything did not fit or qualify into the other groups, they are automatically placed here 

Unofficial Subgroups of Protista

animal-like, plant-like, fungal-like

What does the Plant-like subgroup contain?

algae

What does the Fungal-like subgroup contain?

molds

What is the first lowest plant?

mosses

Fungi

150,000 species (many more)

poor fossil records, due to soft tissue

What is a mycologist?

someone who studies fungi (mycology)

What is the variety of fungi?

yeast, mildews, mold, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, lichens

What are some characteristics of fungi that are shared with plants?

eukaryotic

generally non-multiple

generally multicellular

elongate at the tips

How do plants and fungi grow?

they do not grow all over, they get longer because of cell division

What are some fungi traits NOT shared with plants?

generally terrestrial

body of the fungus is inside soil or tree

importance as decomposers

predatory species 

What do fungi contain?

cellulose, chitinase, protease, leads to the ability to dissolve anything

What are some things that predatory fungi can kill?

can trap and kill animals

also can serve as a roadtrap for nematodes by trapping them in “hoops” and killing them

How much fungi is located in a typical acre of soil?

five tons of fungi 

Are fungi parasitic?

yes, there are 5,000 parasitic fungi in crops

Fungi digestion

all fungi have the same method of digestion

Fungi exoenzymes

released enzymes externally to dissolve things so they can eat it

Fungi Cell Walls

made of chitin: a combination of protein/carbohydrate called amine

made from the same chitin as bug exoskeletons

What are some major components of bacteria cell walls?

acetyl, glucose, amino group

What is needed to dissolve fungi?

chitinase

Hyphae

filaments that fungi bodies are made of

What type of fungi are sex organs

all multicellular ones

What can hyphae come together to form?

they are the threads, come together to form a solid structure called a mycelium

threads can grow very fast

prefer warmer and wetter climates

Mycelium

a mat of hyphae

Adult structures in fungi: haploid or diploid

haploid

Is everything in the world haploid or diploid?

diploid

When is the rare occurrance that fungi are diploid?

during sex

How many sets of chromosomes do fungi have?

1 set

Why do fungi have a close relationship to the environment?

their bodies are always touching the environment 

every cell of every fungus is touching the surface

Fungi reproduction

all fungi are asexual, although some have been found to be sexual

must be seen having sex 

How long was penicillin experimented for?

for over 100 years

How are sexual fungi classified?

by their structure

Gametangea

reproductive structure, separated from hyphae by a septa

Septa

cross wall, specialty structures that separate off hyphae

Gametes: egg + sperm difference

sperm- small, motile

egg - large non-motile structure

Oogamy

the process when sperm goes into the egg and fertilizes it

What are fungi classified as for reproduction purposes?

isogamy

Isogamous

just two of the same cell, no “boys” no “girls”

genetics is the difference 

Fungi reproduction cells

cell + and cell -

Sporangea

spore bearing structure

Where do spores occur?

in plants

Heterokaryosis

the presence of genetically different nuclei in the same cell

Parasexuality

fusion of heterokaryotic nuclei

fertilization in humans

1 out of every 1,000 fuse, it is classified as diploid 

Benefit: Decay

can rot nearly anything

fighting them for products, constantly fighting parasites

Conflict: Decay

decaying of food or bodies is bad

Products from fungi

alcohol

yeast

antibiotics

medications

What are fungi used for?

their products

great secondary metabolistic creatures

What does a healthy environment have?

plenty of fungi

Chytrids

most infamously known for the amphibian die-off

a water-based fungus 

Zygomycota (Chytrids)

“bread molds”

900,000 species 

not physically large fungi

Rhizopus Wiger

not a common human parasite

causes bread mold

most common fungi in the world 

common food storage problem (strawberries, melons, peaches)

used for fermenting alcohol

making acids 

What happens when a Chytrid has sex?

it makes zygote spores

What is the only way for a Chytrid to have sex?

heterokaryotic hyphae coming in contact with each other is the only way to have sex

What is the purpose of sex?

variation gives you a greater chance of survival

Cap-thrower/dung cannon

grows on manure

shoot their heads off once they have reached full capacity 

dung cannon is used to get away from cow poop

can shoot their heads to a distance up to 6 feet

Cap throwers and the sun

have the ability to sense light, heads follow the direction of the sun

Phototrophic (Cap-thrower)

means light eating

main goal is for them to get to clean grass

chemicals dictate their metabolism and behavior 

Ascomyota (Fungi)

sack fungi 

largest phyla

64,000 species ( could be many more)

single-celled

septa are perforated

asexual and sexual

Ascomyota variety

food molds, diseases, edibles, yeasts, and penicillin

all are philamentous except yeast

What kind of bodies do Ascomyota fungi have?

fruiting bodies

Ascus

the sac that the developmental spores are housed in

Are Ascomycota fungi asexual or sexual?

both